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61.
Extensive research work has been done in recent times to apply the triboluminescence (TL) phenomenon for damage detection in engineering structures. Of particular note are the various attempts to apply it in the detection of impact damages in composites and aerospace structures. This is because TL-based sensor systems have a great potential for wireless, in-situ and distributed (WID) structural health monitoring when fully developed. This review article highlights development and the current state-of-the-art in the application of TL-based sensor systems. The underlying mechanisms believed to be responsible for triboluminescence, particularly in zinc sulfide manganese, a highly triboluminescent material, are discussed. The challenges militating against the full exploitation and field application of TL sensor systems are also identified. Finally, viable solutions and approaches to address these challenges are enumerated. 相似文献
62.
Hany Nasef Valerio Beni Veli C. Őzalp Ciara K. O’Sullivan 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2010,396(7):2565-2574
Cystic fibrosis is one of the most common genetically inherited diseases in northern Europe, with the DF508 mutation being
the most common, and among the Caucasian population being responsible for almost 70% of cases. In this work, we report on
the use of thermally modulated electrochemical impedance spectroscopy for the discrimination of the DF508 mutation from the
wild-type sequence. DNA probes (15 and 21 bases long) were immobilised on the surface of gold electrodes and the variation
of the charge-transfer resistance was monitored as a function of hybridisation. Two sets of targets were used in this work:
synthetic 15-mer sequences and two single-stranded synthetic analogues of PCR products 82 (mutant) and 85 (wild type) bases
long. Hybridisation with short targets resulted in very sequence specific charge-transfer-resistance variation with a discrimination
factor at room temperature between fully complementary and mismatched sequences of approximately fivefold. However, in the
case of the single-stranded synthetic PCR product analogues, a lower discrimination factor was recorded (1.5-fold). The effect
of temperature was investigated to improve discrimination and the use of a posthybridisation wash at elevated temperature
resulted in a fivefold improvement in the discrimination factor. Using an electrode array with probes immobilised against
each of the mutant and wild-type sequences, we achieved an unequivocal detection of the DF508 mutation. 相似文献
63.
A mathematical puzzle that asks about “missing” area leads to an exploration of the Fibonacci sequence as well as genuine inquiry in plane geometry connected to algebra. This article discusses the inquiry, the concepts, the solution, and an extension that deepens all students’ understanding of connections between algebra and geometry. 相似文献
64.
We describe the problem of the equivalence of ensembles at the level of states for classical lattice systems. We discuss circumstances where the vanishing of the specific information gain of a sequence of microcanonical measures with respect to a sequence of grand canonical measures implies the equivalence of ensembles. We give a simple derivation of a criterion for the vanishing of the specific information gain in terms of thermodynamic functions. The proof uses ideas from the theory of large deviations but is self-contained. We show how the criterion works in a simple model of a paramagnet and in the Ising model of a ferromagnet in any dimension but fails in the case of the Curie-Weiss mean-field model. 相似文献
65.
Beker H. Bøggild H. Boissevain J. Cherney M. Dodd J. Esumi S. Fabjan C. W. Fields D. E. Franz A. Hansen K. H. Holzer B. Humanic T. Jacak B. Jayanti R. Kalechofsky H. Kobayashi T. Kvatadze R. Lee Y. Y. Leltchouk M. Lörstad B. Maeda N. Medvedev A. Miake Y. Miyabayashi A. Murray M. Nagamiya S. Nishimura S. Noteboom E. Pandey S. U. Piuz F. Polychronakos V. Potekhin M. Poulard G. Sakaguchi A. Sarabura M. Shigaki K. Simon-Gillo J. Sletten H. Sondheim W. Sugitate T. Sullivan J. P. Sumi Y. van Hecke H. Willis W. J. Wolf K. 《Zeitschrift fur Physik C Particles and Fields》1994,64(2):209-217
K+K+ and K–K– correlations from S+Pb collisions at 200 GeV/c per nucleon and K+K+ correlations from p+Pb collisions at 450 GeV/c per nucleon, are presented as measured by the focusing spectrometer of the NA44 experiment at CERN. Multidimensional fits are performed in order to characterize the kaon-emission volume, which is found to be smaller than the pion-emission volume. 相似文献
66.
Erika G. Kisvarsanyi N.S. Sullivan 《Journal of magnetic resonance (San Diego, Calif. : 1997)》1997,127(2):192-198
The theory of the formation of NMR multiple echoes for isotopic impurities (HD) in solid para-H2has been developed for the case of weak quantum tunneling of the impurities. The results show that even for low tunneling rates (100–1000 Hz), NMR multiple echoes can be observed for experimentally accessible nuclear spin polarizations and can be used to provide an independent test for the existence of tunneling in the solid hydrogens. 相似文献
67.
The use of a time-dependent-diffusivity in the solution of the convective-diffusion equation is explored. The results are shown to compare favourably with near-source experimental data. 相似文献
68.
In a recent paper, the author generalised most of the resultspublished during the last three decades concerning congruenceson certain transformation semigroups and their use in constructingcongruence free semigroups. One result by Howie in 1981 involvesa transformation semigroup defined on an infinite set whosecardinal is regular, and as such it could not be included inthe generalisation. In this paper, we detrmine all the congruenceson that transformation semigroup. 相似文献
69.
Hai Yu Eric M. Kennedy Md. Azhar Uddin Simon P. Sullivan Bogdan Z. Dlugogorski 《国际化学动力学杂志》2005,37(3):134-146
Thermal pyrolysis of halon 1211 (CBrClF2), diluted in nitrogen, in a tubular alumina reactor, has been studied over the temperature range of 773–1073 K at residence times from 0.3 to 2 s. At temperatures below 973 K, the major products were CCl2F2, CBr2F2, C2Cl2F4, C2BrClF4, C2F4, and C2Br2F4. Further increasing temperature resulted in the formation of CBrF3, CClF3, and many other species whose formation necessitated the rupture of C? F bonds. Coke formation was also observed on the surface of the reactor at high temperatures. A kinetic reaction scheme involving 16 species and 25 reaction steps was developed and applied to model the thermal pyrolysis of halon 1211 over the temperature range of 773–973 K. Sensitivity analysis suggests that the reaction CBrClF2 + CClF2→CCl2F2 + CBrF2 constitutes the major pathway for the decomposition of halon 1211 under the conditions investigated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 134–146, 2005 相似文献
70.
S. Shoop R. Affleck C. Collins G. Larsen L. Barna P. Sullivan 《Journal of Terramechanics》2005,42(3-4):281-303
Tactical mobility analysis techniques were merged with land management strategies to assess potential impacts of vehicle operations on training areas for rangeland planning and management. A vehicle mobility analysis was performed for a suite of vehicle types using the NATO Reference Mobility Model (NRMM II). Input parameters include terrain information (soil type, slope, vegetation, surface roughness, soil strength), terrain surface condition based on climate (terrain strength, freeze–thaw, moisture content, snow cover), and vehicle specifications (tire, power train, weight on each axle, ground clearance, dimensions, ride). The vehicle performance was spatially mapped over the terrain for different seasons of the year and used to calculate the maneuverable acreage, which was compared to acreage needed for training requirements. This can be related to land capability based on expected training impact (Maneuver Impact Miles, MIM) and Land Condition Curves which link training density to land condition. This methodology can be used to determine the suitability of training lands and the degree of land management or rehabilitation expected. The methodology was applied to the transformation of the Alaska training lands to support a new brigade unit called the Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT3), but is equally useful for other training areas and military units. For summer use, Alaska training lands are capable of supporting four times the projected training requirements. For winter, when the ground is frozen, more than 10 times the area needed was available. 相似文献