Solid supported chemical syntheses of both components of the lantibiotic lacticin 3147

Lantibiotics are antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria. Some are employed for food preservation, whereas others have therapeutic potential due to their activity against organisms resistant to current antibiotics. They are ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified by dehydration of serine and threonine residues followed by attack of thiols of cysteines to form monosulfide lanthionine and methyllanthionine rings, respectively. Chemical synthesis of peptide analogues is a powerful method to verify stereochemistry and access structure-activity relationships. However, solid supported synthesis of lantibiotics has been difficult due to problems in generating lanthionines and methyllanthionines with orthogonal protection and good stereochemical control. We report the solid-phase syntheses of both peptides of a two-component lantibiotic, lacticin 3147. Both successive and interlocking ring systems were synthesized on-resin, thereby providing a general methodology for this family of natural products.     

Ultrafast hybridization screening in Fe3+ aqueous solution

We report here on the electron binding energies and ultrafast electronic relaxation of the Fe(3+)(aq) complex in FeCl(3) aqueous solution as measured by soft X-ray photoelectron (PE) spectroscopy from a vacuum liquid microjet. Covalent mixing between the 3d valence orbitals of the iron cation and the molecular orbitals of water in the ground-state solution is directly revealed by spectroscopy of the highest partially occupied molecular orbitals. Valence PE spectra, obtained for photon energies near the iron 2p absorption edge, exhibit large resonant enhancements. These resonant PE features identify 3d-O2p transient hybridization between iron and water-derived orbitals and are an indication of charge transfer within the electronically excited Fe(3+)(aq)* complex. Charge transfer from water to iron is also revealed by the 2p core-level PE spectrum, and the asymmetric peak shape additionally identifies the characteristic multiplet interactions in the 2p core-hole state. The electronic structure of water molecules in the first hydration shell is selectively probed by Auger decay from water molecules, at excitation energies well below the O1s absorption edge of neat water. These experiments lay the groundwork for establishing resonant PE spectroscopy for the study of electronic-structure dynamics in the large family of transition metal (aqueous) solutions.     

Exploring the first steps in core-shell electrocatalyst preparation: in situ characterization of the underpotential deposition of Cu on supported Au nanoparticles

The underpotential deposition (upd) of a Cu shell on a non-Pt nanoparticle core followed by galvanic displacement of the Cu template shell to form core-shell electrocatalyst materials is one means by which the Pt-based mass activity targets required for commercialization of PEM fuel cells may be reached. In situ EXAFS measurements were conducted at both the Au L(3) and the Cu K absorption edges during deposition of Cu onto a carbon-supported Au electrocatalyst to study the initial stages of formation of such a core-shell electrocatalyst. The Au L(3) EXAFS data obtained in 0.5 mol dm(-3) H(2)SO(4) show that the shape of the Au core is potential dependent, from a flattened to a round spherical shape as the Cu upd potential is approached. Following the addition of 2 mmol dm(-3) Cu, the structure was also measured as a function of the applied potential. At +0.2 V vs Hg/Hg(2)SO(4), the Cu(2+) species was found to be a hydrated octahedron. As the potential was made more negative, single-crystal studies predict an ordered bilayer of sulfate anions and partially discharged Cu ions, followed by a complete/uniform layer of Cu atoms. In contrast, the model obtained by fitting the Au L(3) and Cu K EXAFS data corresponds first to partially discharged Cu ions deposited at the defect sites in the outer shell of the Au nanoparticles at -0.42 V, followed by the growth of clusters of Cu atoms at -0.51 V. The absence of a uniform/complete Cu shell, even at the most negative potentials investigated, has implications for the structure, and the activity and/or stability, of the core-shell catalyst that would be subsequently formed following galvanic displacement of the Cu shell.     

Direct interaction between an allosteric agonist pepducin and the chemokine receptor CXCR4

Cell surface heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate critical cellular signaling pathways and are important pharmaceutical drug targets. (1) In addition to traditional small-molecule approaches, lipopeptide-based GPCR-derived pepducins have emerged as a new class of pharmaceutical agents. (2, 3) To better understand how pepducins interact with targeted receptors, we developed a cell-based photo-cross-linking approach to study the interaction between the pepducin agonist ATI-2341 and its target receptor, chemokine C-X-C-type receptor 4 (CXCR4). A pepducin analogue, ATI-2766, formed a specific UV-light-dependent cross-link to CXCR4 and to mutants with truncations of the N-terminus, the known chemokine docking site. These results demonstrate that CXCR4 is the direct binding target of ATI-2341 and suggest a new mechanism for allosteric modulation of GPCR activity. Adaptation and application of our findings should prove useful in further understanding pepducin modulation of GPCRs as well as enable new experimental approaches to better understand GPCR signal transduction.     

Multistage Zeeman deceleration of metastable neon

A supersonic beam of metastable neon atoms has been decelerated by exploiting the interaction between the magnetic moment of the atoms and time-dependent inhomogeneous magnetic fields in a multistage Zeeman decelerator. Using 91 deceleration solenoids, the atoms were decelerated from an initial velocity of 580 m/s to final velocities as low as 105 m/s, corresponding to a removal of more than 95% of their initial kinetic energy. The phase-space distribution of the cold, decelerated atoms was characterized by time-of-flight and imaging measurements, from which a temperature of 10 mK was obtained in the moving frame of the decelerated sample. In combination with particle-trajectory simulations, these measurements allowed the phase-space acceptance of the decelerator to be quantified. The degree of isotope separation that can be achieved by multistage Zeeman deceleration was also studied by performing experiments with pulse sequences generated for (20)Ne and (22)Ne.     

Depth Profiling (ICP-MS) Study of Trace Metal ‘Grains’ in Solid Asphaltenes

Knowledge of trace metal ‘grains’ in asphaltenes could play a significant role in enhancing refining and processing of crudes and also in providing useful information on mechanistic and migratory features linked to asphaltenes. These metals originate directly from interaction of oils with source-rock, mineral matter, and formation water and their accumulation in asphaltene matrices could vary from oil well to oil well. Suitable asphaltene samples were subjected to high-performance ICP-MS laser depth profiling (213 nm) to depths of 50 μm at 5 μm intervals. The study was conducted in the absence of standardization and characteristic intensities originating from the metals of interest were measured. Ten metal profiles were investigated (Na, Mg, Al, Mn, Fe, Zn, Sr, Pb, V, and Ni). The experimental results showed non-uniform distribution of trace metals and identified areas where such metals agglomerate. The data suggested that certain chemical and physical conditions within the structure of asphaltenes are favorable for metal ‘grain’ formation at specific points. The exact mechanism for this behavior is not clear at this stage, and has considerable scope for future studies, including mathematical modeling simulations of asphaltenes. We also found that solid asphaltenes could be a useful forerunner of scale formation.     

An Electrostatic Charge Partitioning Model for the Dissociation of Protein Complexes in the Gas Phase

Electrosprayed multi-protein complexes can be dissociated by collisional activation in the gas phase. Typically, these processes follow a mechanism whereby a single subunit gets ejected with a disproportionately high amount of charge relative to its mass. This asymmetric behavior suggests that the departing subunit undergoes some degree of unfolding prior to being separated from the residual complex. These structural changes occur concomitantly with charge (proton) transfer towards the subunit that is being unraveled. Charge accumulation takes place up to the point where the subunit loses physical contact with the residual complex. This work develops a simple electrostatic model for studying the relationship between conformational changes and charge enrichment during collisional activation. Folded subunits are described as spheres that carry continuum surface charge. The unfolded chain is envisioned as random coil bead string. Simulations are guided by the principle that the system will adopt the charge configuration with the lowest potential energy for any backbone conformation. A finite-difference gradient algorithm is used to determine the charge on each subunit throughout the dissociation process. Both dimeric and tetrameric protein complexes are investigated. The model reproduces the occurrence of asymmetric charge partitioning for dissociation events that are preceded by subunit unfolding. Quantitative comparisons of experimental MS/MS data with model predictions yield estimates of the structural changes that occur during collisional activation. Our findings suggest that subunit separation can occur over a wide range of scission point structures that correspond to different degrees of unfolding.     

QMS in the Third Stability Zone with a Transverse Magnetic Field Applied

We report here a study using a quadrupole mass spectrometer (QMS) in which a static magnetic field is applied transversely to the body of the mass filter operating in stability zone 3. Significant improvement in QMS performance was obtained under certain magnetic field conditions, and these have been explained in terms of our theoretical model. The theoretical approach assumed in the model is that the QMS contains hyperbolic rods as electrodes and that the magnetic field acts over the full length of the mass filter assembly. Our latest analysis also predicts for what values of operating parameters an enhancement of the quadrupole resolution is achieved when a transverse magnetic field is applied. The model predicts instrument resolution R > 5000 for Ar with a 100 mm long mass filter and R > 3500 for a HT and D₂ mixture with a 200 mm long mass filter via application of a transverse magnetic field.     

Localization of Fatty Acyl and Double Bond Positions in Phosphatidylcholines Using a Dual Stage CID Fragmentation Coupled with Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry

A high content molecular fragmentation for the analysis of phosphatidylcholines (PC) was achieved utilizing a two-stage [trap (first generation fragmentation) and transfer (second generation fragmentation)] collision-induced dissociation (CID) in combination with travelling-wave ion mobility spectrometry (TWIMS). The novel aspects of this work reside in the fact that a TWIMS arrangement was used to obtain a high level structural information including location of fatty acyl substituents and double bonds for PCs in plasma, and the presence of alkali metal adduct ions such as [M?+?Li]⁺ was not required to obtain double bond positions. Elemental compositions for fragment ions were confirmed by accurate mass measurements. A very specific first generation fragment ion m/z 577 (M-phosphoryl choline) from the PC [16:0/18:1 (9Z)] was produced, which by further CID generated acylium ions containing either the fatty acyl 16:0 (C₁₅H₃₁CO⁺, m/z 239) or 18:1 (9Z) (C₁₇H₃₃CO⁺, m/z 265) substituent. Subsequent water loss from these acylium ions was key in producing hydrocarbon fragment ions mainly from the α-proximal position of the carbonyl group such as the hydrocarbon ion m/z 67 (+H₂C-HC?=?CH-CH?=?CH₂). Formation of these ions was of important significance for determining double bonds in the fatty acyl chains. In addition to this, and with the aid of ¹³C labeled lyso-phosphatidylcholine (LPC) 18:1 (9Z) in the ω-position (methyl) TAP fragmentation produced the ion at m/z 57. And was proven to be derived from the α-proximal (carboxylate) or distant ω-position (methyl) in the LPC.     

Comparison of two methods for determination of tomato paste solids: vacuum oven versus microwave oven

Two analytical procedures used to determine total, soluble, and insoluble solids in tomato paste were evaluated. The microwave oven (MO) method was compared to the vacuum oven (VO) method. The VO method is tedious and measured the three solids fractions in the paste directly, while the MO method measured the total solids directly but used an equation to calculate the water-soluble and -insoluble solids. The MO method was faster and less labor-intensive, and yielded small but statistically significant higher values for total and insoluble solids and lower statistically significant values for soluble solids.