Foliar application of distillery-spent wash as a liquid fertilizer for betterment of growth ofSorghum vulgare andCajanus cajan

The distillery spent wash contained all necessary elements and biofertilizer microbes (Rhizobia, Azospirilla, Azotobacter, and phosphobacteria) to support the growth of plants. Application of the spent wash, as it is without dilution, did not cause deformities and derangement of plant metabolism. The successful use of distillery spent wash as a liquid fertilizer for augmenting crop productivity in C3 and C4 plants has been demonstrated.     

Stereoselective synthesis of chiral β-disubstituted-β-amino acid derivatives using Pd/In transmetallation cascade processes

A new, highly efficient synthesis of chiral β^2,3-disubstituted-β-amino acid derivatives has been developed, based on an allylation procedure employing allene and a catalytic Pd/In bimetallic process.     

Transformation of Terminal Diols of Cyclic and Acyclic Saccharides to Epoxides and Alkenes by Reaction with Triphenylphosphine,Imidazole and Iodine

ABSTRACT

Reaction of various terminal diols 1,4,6,8-12, derived from cyclic and acyclic monosaccharides, with 2 mol equivalents each of TPP-imidazole-I₂ between -8 °C and 15 °C in THF afforded the corresponding epoxides 2,5,7,13-17, respectively, with 4 mol equivalents each of TPP-imidazole-I₂ in toluene at reflux temperature the starting diols afforded the corresponding alkenes 3,18-24, respectively.     

Exploring the Effect of Bioisosteric Replacement of Carboxamide by a Sulfonamide Moiety on N‐Glycosidic Torsions and Molecular Assembly: Synthesis and X‐ray Crystallographic Investigation of N‐(β‐D‐Glycosyl)sulfonamides as N‐Glycoprotein Linkage Region Analogues

N‐Glycoprotein linkage region constituents, 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐D ‐glucopyranose (GlcNAc) and asparagine (Asn) are conserved among all the eukaryotes. To gain a better understanding for nature’s choice of GlcNAcβAsn as linkage region constituents and inter‐ and intramolecular carbohydrate–protein interactions, a detailed systemic structural study of the linkage region conformation is essential. Earlier crystallographic studies of several N‐(β‐glycopyranosyl)alkanamides showed that N‐glycosidic torsion, ?_N, is influenced to a larger extent by structural variation in the sugar part than that of the aglycon moiety. To explore the effect of the bioisosteric replacement of a carboxamide group by a sulfonamide moiety on the N‐glycosidic torsions as well as on molecular assembly, several glycosyl methanesulfonamides and glycosyl chloromethanesulfonamides were synthesized as analogues of the N‐glycoprotein linkage region, and crystal structures of seven of these compounds have been solved. A comparative analysis of this series of crystal structures as well as with those of the corresponding alkanamido derivatives revealed that N‐glycosidic torsion, ?_N, does not alter significantly. Methanesulfonamido and chloromethanesulfonamido derivatives of GlcNAc display a different aglycon conformation compared to other sulfonamido analogues. This may be due to the cumulative effect of the direct hydrogen bonding between N1 and O1′ and C? H???O interactions of the aglycon chain, revealing the uniqueness of the GlcNAc as the linkage sugar.     

A β‐Enaminone‐Initiated Multicomponent Domino Reaction for the Synthesis of Indoloquinolizines and Benzoquinolizines from Acyclic Precursors

The cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN)‐catalyzed sequential multicomponent reaction between tryptamine, α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, and β‐dicarbonyl compounds affords highly substituted indolo[2,3‐a]quinolizines in a single synthetic operation. Two rings are generated through the creation of two C? C and two C? N bonds by a domino process comprising initial β‐enaminone formation, followed by individual Michael addition, 6‐exo‐trig cyclization, iminium formation, and Pictet–Spengler steps. Furthermore, the reaction is diastereoselective and affords exclusively compounds with a trans relationship between the H‐2 and H‐12b protons. The use of amines bearing a less nucleophilic side chain aromatic ring (5‐bromotryptamine, 3,4‐dimethoxyphenylethylamine) prevents the Pictet–Spengler final step and leads to N‐indolylethyl or N‐phenylethyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines, which are cyclized to the corresponding indolo[2,3‐a]quinolizines or benzo[a]quinolizines in the presence of HCl in methanol/water. Treatment of the fused quinolizine derivatives with sodium triacetoxyborohydride led to the corresponding indolo[2,3‐a]quinolizidines or benzo[a]quinolizidines, possessing four stereogenic centers, as mixtures of two diastereomers.     

Copolymerization of 2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate with Alkyl Met hacrylates

2-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate (2-HPMA) has been copolym-erized with ethyl methacrylate (EMA), n-butyl methacrylate (BMA), and 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate (EHMA) in bulk at 60°C using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. The copolymer composition has been determined from the hydroxyl content. The reactivity ratios have been calculated by the Yezrielev, Brokhina, and Raskin method. For copolymerization of 2-HPMA (M₁) with EMA (M₂), the reactivity ratios are r₁ = 1.807 ± 0.032 and r₂ = 0.245 ± 0.021; with BMA (M₂) they are n = 2.378 ± 0.001 and r₂ = 0.19 ± 0.01; and with EHMA the values are r₁ = 4.370 ± 0.048 and r₂ = 0.103 ± 0.006. Since reactivity ratios are the measure of distribution of monomer units in copolymer chain, the values obtained are compared and discussed. This enables us to choose a suitable copolymer for synthesizing thermoset acrylic polymers, which are obtained from cross-linking of hydroxy functional groups of HPMA units, for specific end-uses.     

Highly Potential Antifungal Activity of Quantum-Sized Silver Nanoparticles Against Candida albicans

The antifungal activity of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-stabilized quantum-sized silver nanoparticles (SNPs) against the growth of Candida albicans has been demonstrated in the present study. C. albicans is a known opportunistic human pathogen causing superficial and systemic infections. Research data carried out on C. albicans so far have shown unequivocally that it develops resistance against conventional antifungal drugs and that the infections it causes are difficult to cure with conventional antifungal agents. Hence, it is urgent to find newer materials for the treatment of infections caused by C. albicans that must be safe for the host. PVP-capped SNPs were synthesized, and its surface plasmon band was observed at 410 nm. The growth of C. albicans was markedly inhibited when the cells were incubated with SNP. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SNP was determined as 70 ng/ml, and this value is relatively lower when compared with the conventionally used antifungal drugs such as amphotericin B (0.5 μg/ml), fluconazole (0.5 μg/ml), and ketoconazole (8 μg/ml). The viability of SNP-treated cells was checked by measuring the metabolic activity using XTT assay. Field emission scanning electron microscopic (FE-SEM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analyses of the cells treated with SNP have lost the structural integrity to a greater extent.     

Simple and Highly Efficient Method for the Deprotection of Allyl Ethers Using Dimethylsulfoxide–Sodium Iodide

A simple and highly efficient method for deprotection of allyl ethers has been developed using dimethylsulfoxide–sodium iodide (catalytic amount). This method is inexpensive, has simple reaction conditions, has an easy workup procedure, proceduces excellent yields (60–99%), and is effective for several structurally varied allyl ethers.     

Synthesis of Novel (3a,S)‐1‐Aryl/aryloxy/alkoxy‐3a,4‐dihydro‐3H‐1λ5‐[1,3,2]oxazaphospholo [3,4‐a] indole‐1‐ones,Thiones, and Selenones

Synthesis of novel (3a,S)‐1‐aryl/aryloxy/alkoxy‐3a,4‐dihydro‐3H‐1λ⁵‐[1,3,2]oxazaphospholo [3,4‐a] indole‐1‐ones, thiones, and selenones was achieved in two steps with high yields from 2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐indol‐2(S)yl methanol (1) and dichlorophenyl phosphine/ethyl dichlorophosphite (2a and b) in the presence of triethylamine in dry THF followed by treatment with hydrogen peroxide, sulfur, and selenium. The compounds 4g–k have been synthesized by the direct cyclocondensation of 1 with different substituted phenyl phosphorodichloridates (2c–e, g) and bis(2‐chloroethyl) phosphoramidic dichloride (2f).