Foliar application of distillery-spent wash as a liquid fertilizer for betterment of growth ofSorghum vulgare andCajanus cajan

The distillery spent wash contained all necessary elements and biofertilizer microbes (Rhizobia, Azospirilla, Azotobacter, and phosphobacteria) to support the growth of plants. Application of the spent wash, as it is without dilution, did not cause deformities and derangement of plant metabolism. The successful use of distillery spent wash as a liquid fertilizer for augmenting crop productivity in C3 and C4 plants has been demonstrated.     

Stereoselective synthesis of chiral β-disubstituted-β-amino acid derivatives using Pd/In transmetallation cascade processes

A new, highly efficient synthesis of chiral β^2,3-disubstituted-β-amino acid derivatives has been developed, based on an allylation procedure employing allene and a catalytic Pd/In bimetallic process.     

Cryopreservation of in vitro grown shoots of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.)

An efficient cryopreservation technique for in vitro grown shoots of ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc) was developed based on encapsulation dehydration, encapsulation vitrification and vitrification procedures. Pregrowth and serial preculture were needed to obtain the best regrowth for all techniques. The vitrification procedure resulted in higher regrowth (80%) when compared to encapsulation vitrification (66%) and encapsulation dehydration (41%). In the vitrification procedure shoots were: precultured in liquid Murashige-Skoog medium containing 0.3 M sucrose for 3 days; cryoprotected with a mixture of 5% DMSO and 5% glycerol for 20 min at room temperature; osmoprotected with a mixture of 2 M glycerol and 0.4 m sucrose for 20 min at 25 degrees C; before being dehydrated with a highly concentrated vitrification solution (PVS2) for 40 min at 25 degrees C. The dehydrated shoots were transferred to 2 ml cryotubes, suspended in 1 ml PVS2 and plunged directly into liquid nitrogen. In all the three cryopreservation procedures tested, shoots grew from cryopreserved shoot tips without intermediary callus formation. The genetic stability of cryopreserved ginger shoot buds were confirmed using ISSR and RAPD profiling.     

Oxidative cleavage of vicinal diols: IBX can do what Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP) can

The fact that IBX exhibits reactivity akin to DMP is demonstrated from the results observed with strained and sterically hindered syn 1,2-diols, which undergo oxidative cleavage via a 12-I-5 spirobicyclic periodinane. The use of TFA, a protonating solvent, promotes the formation of the 12-I-5 intermediate for 1,2-diols of all types (sec,sec, sec,tert and tert,tert), leading to efficient oxidative fragmentation.     

An efficient reusable silver-exchanged tungstophosphoric acid heterogeneous catalyst for solvent-free intermolecular hydroamination of alkynes

Hydroamination of alkynes with both aromatic and aliphatic amines proceeds efficiently in the presence of silver-exchanged tungstophosphoric acid (AgTPA) catalyst under solvent-free conditions to afford ketimines in excellent yields.     

Intramolecular pi-stacking interaction in a rigid molecular hinge substituted with 1-(pyrenylethynyl) units

Synthesis of a tetrakis(1-pyrenylethynyl)-substituted rigid hinge-like molecule (1) is described. The intramolecular pi-stacking interaction of the pyrene units is studied by 1H NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy. Due to intramolecular pi-stacking interactions, chemical shifts of the pyrene protons in 1 are highly shielded in the NMR spectrum. Fluorescence from the static excimer state is observed due to pi-stacking interactions among the pyrene units in the ground state of 1. Based on the spectroscopic evidence, conformations and dynamics of 1, arising from the hindered rotation of the major axis, are proposed.     

Capillary electrophoresis of signaling molecules

The emerging field of quantitative systems biology uses high-throughput bioanalytical measurements to gain a deeper understanding of biological phenomena. With the advent of instrumentation platforms, capillary electrophoresis spans a very wide range of biological applications. This short article focuses on the exploitation of capillary electrophoresis for the systems-level analysis of cell signaling molecules.     

FEM application in phase change exchangers

Application of FEM in the analysis of condenser and vaporizer has been illustrated taking into account property variation with temperature. Accurate shell side pressure drop in a condenser has been determined by the present method taking into account the gradual reduction in vapour flow due to condensation from inlet to outlet. As the present method analyses the exchanger in small elements, analysis of an evaporator working under the conditions of partial vapour blanketing is also possible.

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Anwendung der Finite Elemente Methode bei Wärmetauschern mit Phasenwechsel

Zusammenfassung Die Verwendung der Finite Elemente Methode zur Berechnung von Kondensator und Verdampfer unter Berücksichtigung von temperaturabhängigen Stoffwerten ist hier dargestellt worden. Mit dem dargestellten Verfahren ist der genaue Druckverlust im Rohrraum eines Kondensators bestimmt worden, wobei die schrittweise Verminderung der Dampfströmung aufgrund der Kondensation von Ein-zu Auslaß mit berücksichtigt wurde. Mit der gegenwärtigen Methode, die einen Wärmeaustausch mittels kleiner Elemente berechnet, ist ebenso eine Auslegung eines Verdampfers mit einer partiellen Dampfabdeckung möglich.

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Nomenclature A heat transfer area in an elment upto any section, m² - A _c elemental heat transfer area, m² - B weightage - C UA/2 - D _e characteristic dimension, m - D _s shell diameter, cm - F _t temperature correction factor - f friction factor, m²/cm² - G mass velocity, kg/m² sec - G W/LN ^2/3 - g acceleration of gravity, m/sec² - h condensing coefficient, W/m²°C - h ₀ boiling coefficient, W/m²°C - k ₁ thermal conductivity of condensate atT _f , W/m°C - L length of tubes in the element, m - l distance of the fluid stream traverses in the element, m - LMTD log mean temperature difference, °C - N ₁,N ₂ shape functions - N _t number of tubes effective for condensation - P pressure drop, N/cm² - P _shell shell side vapour pressure drop, N/cm² - P _tube tube side stream pressure drop, N/cm² - q heat flux in the element, W/m² - S specific gravity of vapour - T _c tube side stream temperature, °C - T _c2 tube side stream exit temperature, °C - T _f (T _w +T _s )/2 - T _s saturation temperature, °C - T _w mean wall temperature in an element, °C - T ₁,T ₂ temperatures at nodes 1 and 2, °C - U overall heat transfer coefficient, W/m²°C - W ₁ tube side fluid thermal capacity rate, W/°C - W ₂ vapour mass flow rate, kg/hr - W mass of vapour condensed in any element, kg/sec - _f viscosity of condensate atT _f , N sec/m² - _f density of condensate atT _f , kg/m³     

Effect of the Bulkiness of the End Functional Amide Groups on the Optical,Gelation, and Morphological Properties of Oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene) π‐Gelators

Herein, we describe the role of end functional groups in the self‐assembly of amide‐functionalized oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene) (OPV) gelators with different end‐groups. The interplay between hydrogen‐bonding and π‐stacking interactions was controlled by the bulkiness of the end functional groups, thereby resulting in aggregates of different types, which led to the gelation of a wide range of solvents. The variable‐temperature UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopic features of gelators with small end‐groups revealed the formation of 1D H‐type aggregates in CHCl₃. However, under fast cooling in toluene, 1D H‐type aggregates were formed, whereas slow cooling resulted in 2D H‐type aggregates. OPV amide with bulky dendritic end‐group formed hydrogen‐bonded random aggregates in toluene and a morphology transition from vesicles into fibrous aggregates was observed in THF. Interestingly, the presence of bulky end‐group enhanced fluorescence in the xerogel state and aggregation in polar solvents. The difference between the aggregation properties of OPV amides with small and bulky end‐groups allowed the preparation of self‐assembled structures with distinct morphological and optical features.