Vapor‐phase aldol condensation of n‐butyraldehyde to 2‐ethyl‐2‐hexenal was studied at 1 atm and 150~ 300°C in a fixed‐bed, integral‐flow reactor by using NaX, KX, γ‐Al2O3 and Na/NaOH/γ‐Al2CO3 catalysts. Ion exchange of NaX zeolite with potassium acetate solution results in a decrease of crystallinity and apparent lowering of surface area, whereas the basic strength is enhanced. Treatment of γ‐Al2O3 with NaOH and Na causes a large decrease of the surface area but strong enhancement of the catalyst basicity. The catalytic activity on the basis of unit surface area is in the order Na/NaOH/γ‐Al2O3 < KXU < KXW < NaX >γ‐Al2O3, in accordance with the relative catalyst basic strength. The molar ratio of trimeric to dimeric products increases with increasing the reaction temperature and the catalyst basic strength except for Na/NaOH/γ‐Al2O3. Very high selectivity of 2‐ethyl‐2‐hexenal (>98.5%) was observed for reactions over NaX zeolite at 150°C. Based on the FT‐IR and the catalytic results, the reaction paths are proposed as follows: self‐aldol condensation of n‐butyraldehyde, followed by dehydration produces 2‐ethyl‐2‐hexenal, which then reacts with n‐butyraldehyde and successively dehydrates to 2,4‐diethyl‐2,4‐octadienal and 1,3,5‐triethylbenzene. For the reaction over NaX, the calculated Arrhenius frequency factor and activation energy are 314 mol/g·h and 32.6 kJ/mol, respectively. 相似文献
The properties of the field quantum entropy evolution in a system of
a single-mode squeezed coherent state field interacting with a
two-level atom is studied by utilizing the complete quantum theory,
and we focus our attention on the discussion of the influences of
field squeezing parameter $\gamma $, atomic distribution angle
$\theta $ and coupling strength $g$ between the field and the atom
on the properties of the evolution of field quantum entropy. The
results obtained from numerical calculation indicate that the
amplitude of oscillation of field quantum entropy evolution
decreases with the increasing of squeezing parameter $\gamma $, and
that both atomic distribution angle $\theta $ and coupling strength
$g$ between the field and the atom can influence the periodicity of
field quantum entropy evolution. 相似文献
Complex micelles with a P4VP core surrounded by a mixed PNIPAM/PEG shell were prepared by comicellization of PNIPAM93‐b‐P4VP58 and PEG114‐b‐P4VP58 in aqueous solutions. Increasing the temperature above the LCST of the PNIPAM induced a phase separation of the mixed shell due to the collapse of the PNIPAM block. The morphology of the collapsed PNIPAM was dependent on the composition of the mixed shell; a lower content of the PNIPAM resulted in separately distributed domains on the surface of the P4VP core, while a higher content of the PNIPAM led to the formation of continuous membrane around the P4VP core. When the continuous membrane was formed, the hydrophilic PEG block could connect the inner P4VP core and the outer milieu to form channels across the PNIPAM membrane for water and other small molecules to pass through.
using the isospin–and momentum–dependent transport model, for three different symmetry energies, we have calculated the π–/π+ ratio as a function of time and tranverse–momentum in central 132sn+124 sn collision at e_beam/A=400mev. the results show that the π–/π+ ratios is very sensitive to the stiffness of the symmetry energy. thus we can probe the stiffness of the symmetry energy at high densities by using the π–/π+ ratio at different time or transverse momentum more accurately than before. comparing experimental data with the calculations will reveal crucial information about the stiffness of the symmetry energy more accurately.hadronic transport model, symmetry energy, π–/π+ ratio 相似文献
We present the simulation results of the net charge fluctuation in Au Au collisions at √Snn=130 GeV from a dynamic model, JPCIAE, and its revisions. The simulations are done for the quark-gluon matter, the directly produced pions, the pion matter, and the hadron matter. The simulated net charge fluctuation of the quark-gluon matter is close to the thermal model prediction for the quark-gluon gas. However, the discrepancy exists comparing the simulated net charge fluctuation for directly produced pions and the pion matter with the thermal model prediction for pion gas and the resonance pion gas, respectively. The net charge fluctuation of hadron matter from default JPCIAE simulations is nearly 3.5 times larger than quark-gluon matter. A discussion is given for the net charge fluctuation as an evidence of QGP phase transition. 相似文献
Summary: A p–n di‐channel copolymer based on polyfluorene (PF) has been designed and prepared. Branches containing oxadiazole units are attached to the PF backbone through the spiro‐structure and act as channels to improve the electron affinity; these branches form a steric ‘di‐channel’ framework with the polymer backbone. The polymer possesses excellent thermal stability. The lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level of the polymer is significantly altered in comparison with poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐2,7‐diyl).
Schematic of the di‐channel polyfluorene synthesized here and the mechanism of energy transfer through the structure. 相似文献