A decomposition theorem on the scalar potential of a compressible BKZ fluid

Based on the existence of a caloric equation of state in the thermodynamic theory of a nonlinear viscoelastic fluid (Bernstein, Kearsley and Zapas, 1964), and the additional assumption that the local entropy production along any instantaneous deformation path is finite, we first show that such a fluid behaves as a perfectly elastic material whenever the deformation gradient suffers from a jump-type discontinuity. The nature of the apparently perfectly elastic material serving to interpret results in the instantaneous deformation depends on the previous historyonly through two parameters, namely, the density and the temperature of the fluid immediately prior to the jump. This result is then applied, in conjunction with the usual conditions of isotropy and objectivity as well as an application of Schur's Lemma on irreducible sets of matrices, to obtain a decomposition of the scalar potential of the compressible Bernstein-Kearsley-Zapas Fluid (abbrev. BKZ Fluid).

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Zusammenfassung Gegründet auf der Existenz einer kalorischen Zustandsgleichung in der thermodynamischen Theorie einer nichtlinearen viskoelastischen Flüssigkeit (Bernstein, Kearsley und Zapas, 1964) und der zusätzlichen Annahme, daß die örtliche Entropiezunahme entlang einer Deformationskurve endlich ist, zeigen wir zuerst, dass sich eine solche Flüssigkeit wie ein ideales elastisches Material verhält, wenn der Deformationsgradient eine sprunghafte Unstetigkeit aufweist. Die Eigenschaften des scheinbar idealen elastischen Materials, die dazu dienen, Ergebnisse der momentanen Deformation zu interpretieren, hängen von der Vorbehandlung nur durch Werte von zwei Parametern ab, nämlich der Dichte und Temperatur der Flüssigkeit direkt von der sprunghaften Veränderung. Das Ergebnis, zusammen mit den üblichen Bedingungen der Isotropie und Objektivität wie auch der Anwendung von Schurs Lemmas über nichtreduzierbare Gruppen von Matrizen, wird dann dazu verwendet, eine Zerlegung des skalaren Potentials einer verdichtbaren Bernstein-Kearsley-Zapas-Flüssigkeit (BKZ-Flüssigkeit) zu erzielen.

     

The essential nonlinearity ofN-level quantum thermodynamics

This paper explores the possibility that linear dynamical maps might be used to describe the energy-conserving, entropy-increasing motions which occur in closed thermodynamic systems as they approach canonical thermal equilibrium. ForN-level quantum systems withN>2, we prove that no such maps exist which are independent of the initial state.     

High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of six conjugated and unconjugated estrogens in serum.

Six estrogens-estrone, equilin, estradiol, sodium estrone sulphate, sodium equilin sulphate and sodium 17-alpha-dihydroequilin sulphate in dog serum were successfully separated and quantified by a high performance liquid chromatographic method developed in our laboratories. The mobile phase was optimized by studying the effects of an organic modifier (acetonitrile) and an ion pairing reagent (tetrabutylammonium hydroxide). The serum sample work-up procedure was designed to recover both conjugated and unconjugated estrogens. The optimum method involved acetonitrile to precipitate serum proteins/peptides and extract estrogens. Residues were reconstituted in 50% acetonitrile in water for injection. The detection limits for these six estrogens via UV detection ranged from 0.5 to 5 ng on-column with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 10 for a 20 microL injection and via fluorescence 0.1 ng on-column for 17-beta-estradiol. Validation data are included for all six estrogens.     

Neutron spectra at 0° from (p,n) reactions on 9Be, 12C,and 27Al at 647 and 800 MeV

The measured cross sections show a narrow high-energy peak (20–30 MeV/cFWHM) and a broad bump at lower momenta associated with pion production. Comparison is made to an intranuclear cascade calculation.