An improved model for computing the reflectivity of a AlAs/GaAs based distributed bragg reflector and vertical cavity surface emitting laser

In this paper, reflectivity of a Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) has been computed by considering the effects of changes of wavelength on the changes of the refractive index of the materials of DBR layers. The intrinsic losses of the materials have been included in the computation of the reflectivity of the DBR. It has been found that the effect of change of the wavelength on the refractive index of the DBR materials reduces the Full Width Half Maxima (FWHM) of the stop band significantly which is expected to improve the laser characteristics. If the FWHM is reduced, the thickness of the active layer of a VCSEL can also be reduced which will further reduce the threshold current of the device. It has been found that the intrinsic losses of the materials have a significant effect on the reflectivity of a DBR. It has also been found that peak reflectivity of a 20 pair AlAs/GaAs DBR reduces by 0.2% after including the intrinsic losses (with a value of the intrinsic losses α = 10 cm^?1).     

Working group report: Quantum chromodynamics sub-group

This is the report of the QCD working sub-group at the Tenth Workshop on High Energy Physics Phenomenology (WHEPP-X).      

Effect of illumination on the space charge limited current in organic bulk heterojunction diodes

Current–voltage (J–V) characteristics of organic bulk heterojunction diodes based on an interpenetrating network of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl C₆₁-butyric acid methyl esters (PCBM) have been studied in the dark and under halogen lamp illumination. The diodes contained 1:1 and 1:0.6 weight ratios of P3HT and PCBM. For both diodes the currents measured in dark (J _d , commonly known as the dark current) in forward bias are found to agree with the space charge limited current (SCLC). The illuminated current consists of a current due to applied voltage (J _da ) and the light generated current (J _L ). J _da  extracted from the illuminated current agrees well with Shockley’s diffusion and recombination current. This observation shows that illumination changes the SCLC into Shockley’s diffusion and recombination current. The forward current under illumination has been observed to be greater than the dark current, which is contrary to the photo–voltaic (PV) theory. This result is well explained by the change of SCLC into Shockley’s diffusion and recombination current. Former address of S.C. Jain: IMEC, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.     

Bounds on charged lepton mixing with exotic charged leptons

We examine the effects of mixing induced light heavy charged lepton neutral currents on the partial wave amplitude for the process l⁺l⁻ →ZZ (withl = e,μ or τ). By imposing the constraints that the amplitude should not exceed the perturbative unitarity limit at high energy (√s = Λ), we obtain bounds on light heavy charged lepton mixing parameter sin²(2θ _L ^a ) where θ _L ^a is the mixing angle of the ordinary charged lepton with its exotic partner. For Λ = 1 TeV, no bound is obtained on sin² (2θ _L ^a ) form _E < 0.69 TeV. However, sin² (2θ _L ^a ) ≤ 1.52×10⁻⁵ form _E = 5 TeV, sin² (2θ _L ^a ) ≤ 2.41 ×10⁻⁷ form _E = 10 TeV. Similarity for Λ = ∞ no bound is obtained on sin² (2θ _L ^a ) for m_E < 1.97 TeV and sin² (2θ _L ^a ) ≤ 0.15 form _E = 5 TeV and sin² (2θ _L ^a ) ≤ 3.88×10^-2 form _E = 10 TeV.     

Study of the effect of swift heavy Ni ion irradiation on ruby single crystal by using the XANES and EXAFS techniques

We have made the XAFS measurements at the Cr–K-edge on natural Indian ruby single crystals (corundum) and its two irradiated samples with fluence 1×10¹² Ni⁶⁺ and 5×10¹² Ni⁶⁺ ions/cm². Irradiated samples show interesting changes in their physical appearance. XANES measurements show progressive decrease in Δ_oct value on increase of Ni fluence in irradiated samples. EXAFS measurements on these samples show decrease in Cr–O distance on increase of Ni fluence. Lowering of Δ_oct value is correlated with the increase of Cr–O distance.     

Investigation of ring resonators in photonic crystal circuits

In this paper, we propose the implementation of waveguide-coupled ring resonators in photonic crystal integrated circuits. Using two-dimensional finite difference time domain (2D FDTD) method, we study the spectral characteristics of a waveguide-coupled ring carved in two-dimensional photonic crystal of square lattice (2D SLPC) and based on the results, we suitably modify the structure geometry to establish its performance as a ring resonator. We further investigate the effects of ring dimension and crystal parameters on the resonance properties of the ring resonator.     

Dissipative Future Universe Without Big Rip

The present study deals with dissipative future universe without big rip in context of Eckart formalism. The generalised Chaplygin gas, characterised by equation of state p=-\fracAr^\frac1ap=-\frac{A}{\rho^{\frac{1}{\alpha}}}, has been considered as a model for dark energy due to its dark-energy-like evolution at late time. It is demonstrated that, if the cosmic dark energy behaves like a fluid with equation of state p=ωρ; ω<−1 as well as Chaplygin gas simultaneously then the big rip problem does not arise and the scale factor is found to be regular for all time.     

Heavy quarkonia spectra and their decays in a relativistic quark model

Using the phenomenological relativistic harmonic model (RHM) for quarks, we have obtained the masses of S wave charmonium and bottomonium states. The full Hamiltonian used in the investigation has Lorentz scalar plus vector confinement potential, along with the confined one gluon exchange potential (COGEP). A good agreement with the experimental masses for the ground and the radially excited states is obtained both for the triplet and singlet S wave mesons. The decay properties of the ground state charmonium and bottomonium are investigated.     

Fiber-laser-based green-pumped continuous-wave singly-resonant optical parametric oscillator

Stable, high-power, second-harmonic-generation (SHG) of a compact CW Ytterbium (Yb) fiber laser at 1064 nm into the green and its use as a pump source for CW singly-resonant optical parametric oscillator (SRO) is demonstrated. Using a simple single-pass SHG configuration in MgO:sPPLT, as much as 9.6 W of single-frequency green radiation at 532 nm is generated from 30 W of fundamental power at a conversion efficiency of 32.7% in a Gaussian spatial profile with a beam quality factor of M ² < 1.3. Thermal effects have been investigated at different fundamental power levels and various thermal management schemes are employed to maximize the second-harmonic power. The green source is successfully deployed to pump a CW SRO tunable over 855–1408 nm, generating up to 2.1 W of idler at 1168 nm. The peak-to-peak idler power stability is better than 10.7% over 40 min, with beam quality factor M ² < 1.26 for the idler and M ² < 1.52 for the signal.