The electrochemical fluorination of N-(ω-chloroalkyl)pipecolines and N-(ω-chloroalkyl)hexamethyleneimines

Electrochemical fluorinations of six kinds of N-(ω-chloroalkyl)pipecolines [N-(2-chloroethyl)-2-, N-(3-chloropropyl)-2-, N-(2-chloroethyl)-3-, N-(3-chloropropyl)-3-, N-(2-chloroethyl)4- and N-(3-chloropropyl)-4-pipecolines] and two kinds of N-(ω- chloroalkyl)-substituted hexamethyleneimines [N-(2-chloroethyl)- and N-(3-chloropropyl)hexamethyleneimines] were conducted. From these starting materials, corresponding chlorine-retained fully fluorinated amines together with ring isomerized products were formed in yields of 7.6～14.8% from the former and 5.4～5.5% from the latter, respectively. New chloropolyfluoroamines obtained in the present investigation have been isolated and characterized by spectroscopic (infrared, ¹⁹F nmr and mass) and elemental analysis.     

Reaction of azulenes with 1-trifluoromethanesulfonylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate (TPT) and synthesis of the parent azulene

2-Azulenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate was prepared by the reaction of 2-hydroxyazulene with trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride in the presence of triethylamine as a base. Under the use of pyridine, 1-trifluoromethanesulfonylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate further reacted with 2-azulenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate to give 1-(1-trifluoromethanesulfonyl-1,4-dihydropyridin-4-yl)azulenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate. Moreover, we found that azulenes also reacted with 1-trifluoromethanesulfonylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate to give 4-(1-azulenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine derivatives and 6-(1-azulenyl)-1-trifluoromethanesulfonyl-1-aza-hexa-1,3,5-triene depending on the reaction conditions. 2-Azulenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate was converted finally into the parent azulene in excellent yield by palladium-catalyzed reduction using formic acid as a reducing reagent.     

Efficient resolution of 2,2'-dihydroxy-1,1'-binaphthyl by inclusion complexation with chiral N-(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl)-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride

The complete resolution of 2,2[prime or minute]-dihydroxy-1,1[prime or minute]-binaphthyl into its enantiomers by inclusion complexation with a commercially available derivative of choline, is reported. The two enantiomers are recovered in >99% ee from the inclusion complexes by simple dissolution in a diethyl ether-water medium and the resolving agent can be recycled.     

Synthesis,stability and bonding situation of tris-, bis- and mono[9-(azuleno[1,2-b]thienyl)]methyl cations

Stable tris-, bis- and mono[9-(azuleno[1,2-b]thienyl)]methyl cations (7a, 8a and 9a) and their derivatives, with a 6-isopropyl substituent on each azuleno[1,2-b]thiophene ring (7b, 8b and 9b) were prepared by the hydride abstraction reaction of the corresponding methane derivatives. The bonding situation of these compounds including the methane derivatives was examined by analysis of the 3J(H,H) values for the seven-membered ring from the 1H NMR spectra. The methane derivatives exhibited a significant alternating pattern in the 3J(H,H) values, which indicated that the pi-system of the azulene core is perturbed by the fused thiophene ring, showing a tendency towards a localized heptafulvene substructure. The 3J(H,H) values of 7b and 8b in the seven-membered ring revealed that the alternating C-C bond lengths in the azulene core still existed. The cations 9a and 9b, which exhibited nearly equal 3J(H,H) values in the seven-membered ring, exhibit the development of a delocalized tropylium substructure in the azulene core. X-ray crystal analysis of 6-isopropylazuleno[1,2-b]thiophene revealed substantial bond-length alternation in the seven-membered ring. Significant bond-length equalization in the seven-membered ring was also confirmed by the X-ray crystal analysis of 9b. The stability of these carbocations was examined by measurement of the pKR+ values and the redox potentials, which revealed that the bond-length alternation in the azulene core does not significantly affect the stability of the carbocations.     

Total synthesis of the disaccharide of bleomycin, 2-0-(α-D-mannopyranosyl)-L-gulopyranose

2-0-(α-$\text{D}$-Mannopyranosyl)-$\text{L}$-gulopyranose, the sugar portion of bleomycin has been synthesized.     

高稳定性的氮掺杂氧化钽光催化甲醇C−H活化和直接C−C偶联制乙二醇

乙二醇是非常重要的基础化学品,不仅可以作为合成聚合物(如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯)的重要单体,也可以用作防冻剂和燃料添加剂等,具有广泛的用途.乙二醇的年产量超过2500万吨,目前主要的工业合成路线是由石油衍生的乙烯通过环氧化制环氧乙烷,环氧乙烷再水解制乙二醇.甲醇是一种清洁的平台化合物,不仅可以由天然气和煤炭通过传统的合成气过程生产,也可以由生物质和CO2直接合成.直接以甲醇为原料是合成乙二醇的理想过程,但目前热催化还未实现该过程.通过太阳能驱动的C?H活化和C?C偶联过程,可以实现甲醇直接偶联制乙二醇的理想反应过程.光催化甲醇制乙二醇可以在十分温和的条件下进行,目前已报道的甲醇制乙二醇光催化剂均为硫化物半导体材料,如CdS,ZnS和Zn2In2S5,但硫化物存在的光腐蚀和毒性等问题迫使我们去发展一种更加稳定和环境友好的光催化剂.氧化物基半导体材料,如Ta2O5,TiO2,ZnO和WO3等,是一类相对硫化物半导体材料更加稳定的光催化材料,然而目前还没有氧化物基半导体光催化剂用于光催化甲醇制乙二醇的报道.本文率先将金属氧化物光催化剂Ta2O5,用于甲醇制乙二醇的光催化反应,实现了乙二醇的选择性合成.在单纯的Ta2O5催化剂上,乙二醇选择性可达73％.Ta2O5十分独特,可以实现甲醇的光催化C?C偶联制乙二醇,而其他金属氧化物光催化剂(如TiO2,ZnO,WO3和Nb2O5)光催化转化甲醇只生成甲醛和甲酸等C1产物.进一步通过简单、方便的氨气焙烧法,制备了一系列不同氮掺杂量的氧化钽(N-Ta2O5)催化剂.在未经助催化剂修饰的氮含量为2.3％的2％N-Ta2O5光催化剂上,乙二醇选择性为71％,生成速率可达4.0 mmol gcat?1 h?1,约为Ta2O5的9倍,同时显著高于已报道的未经助催化剂修饰的CdS催化剂性能.通过光电流、表面光电压谱和理论计算等方法系统地研究了氮掺杂氧化钽具有高的光催化甲醇制乙二醇性能的重要原因,发现氮掺杂氧化钽高的电荷分离能力是决定其具有高活性的关键因素.另一方面,氮掺杂氧化钽表现出了非常高的反应稳定性,在超过160 h的循环测试过程中,乙二醇的生成速率基本保持不变,这是目前已报道的金属硫化物光催化剂所未能实现的.在长达60 h的反应过程中,未经助催化剂修饰的2％N-Ta2O5催化剂上乙二醇生成量基本随时间线性增长,收率可达3.6％.进一步研究发现,钽基半导体材料(Ta2O5和N-Ta2O5)可以在保持甲醇羟基不变的情况下优先活化甲醇C?H键,生成羟甲基自由基(?CH2OH),随后羟甲基自由基经C?C偶联生成乙二醇.钽基半导体光催化剂是一种环境友好且十分稳定的甲醇光催化偶联制乙二醇的优异催化剂,未来基于该类催化剂不仅有希望发展出更加高效、稳定的甲醇制乙二醇光催化剂,还有希望为更广的羟基存在下的C?H键选择性活化反应过程设计高效稳定的催化剂提供借鉴和指导.     

Kinetics for the reaction of methine proton of an unsymmetrical tetradentate Schiff base complex of nickel(II) with N-chlorosuccinimide

The substitution reaction of the methine proton of an unsymmetrical tetradentate Schiff base complex of nickel(II) with N-chlorosuccinimide was kinetically studied in a dichloromethane solution. While the rate of chlorination was decreased by the addition of acetone or ether, the rate was significantly increased by the addition of ethanol. The rate of bromination was faster than that of chlorination. A four-centred intermediate was proposed for the halogenation reaction of the Schiff base nickel(II) complex.     

The reaction of perfluorobicyclic ethers and perfluorospiro-ethers with anhydrous aluminum chloride

Perfluorobicyclic ethers and perfluorospiroethers, all containing an oxolane skeleton, were treated with AlCl₃ in a heterogeneous manner to give the corresponding α,α,α′-trichlorinated and α,α-dichlorinated products, respectively. From perfluoroacetal compounds, for example, perfluoro(8-methoxy-7-oxabicyclo- [4.3.0]nonane), mono- and di-chlorinated products, i.e. perfluoro- (8-chloro-8-methoxy-7-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane) and perfluoro- (8,8-dichloro-7-oxabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane) were obtained in good yields. The action of fuming sulfuric acid on these polychlorinated products led to the formation of the corresponding lactones. Perfluoro(6-chloro-7-oxa-8-oxobicyclo[4.3.0]nonane) was treated with (CH₃)₂NLi to give N,N-dimethylundecafluoro-2-oxocyclohexyl- acetamide.     

Development of a new radiation detector utilizing CNTs as anodes

A new gas-multiplication radiation detector utilizing CNTs as anodes is proposed. A very compact detector with good spatial and temporal resolutions might be built. The designing and development of a prototype detector is described. Argon gas or liquid is adopted as radiation-converting medium. The detector body can be evacuated and cooled down to liquid nitrogen temperature. Silicon wafers on which single-wall CNTs are grown are used as the detector anode.