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121.
X.Q. Liu C.M. Fetzer E. Rehder H. Cotal S. Mesropian D. Law R.R. King 《Journal of Crystal Growth》2012,352(1):186-189
We demonstrate an integrated metamorphic AlGaInP/AlGaInAs/GaInAs/Ge 4 J solar cell on Ge substrate using organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE). A step graded GaInAs buffer was grown right after the Ge subcell was formed to change the lattice constant from that of Ge to that of Ga0.8In0.2As lattice constant followed by a 1.14 eV Ga0.8In0.2As subcell, a 1.5 eV (AlGa)0.8In0.2As subcell, and a 1.85 eV AlxGa0.32?xIn0.68P subcell. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) study shows the threading dislocation density (TDD) is about 6×106 cm?2. The X-ray diffraction reciprocal space map (RSM) shows that the structure is 100% relaxed. Bandgap dependent (AlxGa1?x)0.32In0.68P subcell performance is systematically investigated. As the AlxGa0.32?xIn0.68P cell bandgap goes up to 1.9 eV, the external quantum efficiency (EQE) goes down significantly. Theoretical simulation shows that the decrease of diffusion length causes the lower EQE, which indicates the material quality degrades with the increasing Al content. Integrated 4 J solar cells are fabricated and characterized with spectral response and tested under the AM1.5D terrestrial spectrum at both 1 sun and 2000 suns. 相似文献
122.
Law JM Szori M Izsak R Penke B Csizmadia IG Viskolcz B 《The journal of physical chemistry. A》2006,110(18):6100-6111
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) like stearidonic acid (SDA;18:4 n-3) eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5 n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6 n-3) and its chain fragment models were studied at B3LYP/6-31G(d) levels of theory. Significant conformations for the cis and trans isomers were selected to obtained the thermodynamic functions (DeltaH, DeltaS, DeltaG) for the cis-trans isomerization and for folding using the B3LYP/6-311+G(2d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) level of theory. The structural analysis shows that there are significant differences in thermodynamic function of the trans- and cis-PUFAs. The trans-cis isomerization energy values reinforce the consistency and the relative accuracy of theoretical model calculations. The observed flexibility of naturally cis PUFAs could be explained by a very special "smooth basin" PES of the motif of sp(2)-sp(3)-sp(2) hybrid states as reported previously (J. Phys. Chem. A 2005, 109, 520-533). We assumed that intrinsic thermodynamic functions may describe this flexible folding process. The folding enthalpy as well as the folding entropy suggests that there is a new role of the cis-PUFAs in membranes: these cis isomers may have a strong influence on membrane stability and permeability. The average length of the cis helix and beta PUFA was approximated. The difference between the lengths of these two structures is approximately 10 A. 相似文献
123.
Systematic approach to obtain analytic solutions of quasi steady state species in reduced mechanisms
A systematic approach was developed to obtain analytic solutions for the concentrations of the quasi steady state (QSS) species in reduced mechanisms. The nonlinear algebraic equations for the QSS species concentrations were first approximated by a set of linear equations, and the linearized quasi steady state approximations (LQSSA) were then analytically solved with a directed graph, namely a QSSG, which was abstracted from the inter-dependence of QSS species. To obtain analytic solutions of high computational efficiency, the groups of strongly connected QSS species were first identified in the QSSG. The inter group couplings were then resolved by a topological sort, and the inner group couplings were solved with variable elimination by substitution. An efficient algorithm was developed to identify a near-optimal sequence for the variable elimination process. The proposed LQSSA-QSSG method was applied to generate a 16-step reduced mechanism for ethylene/air, and good accuracy and high efficiency were observed in simulations of auto-ignition and perfectly stirred reactors with the reduced mechanism. 相似文献
124.
Grignard reagents were generated from magnesium and organic iodides in the ionic liquid n-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate, [bpy][BF4], and they showed different reactivity from classical Grignard reagents in organic solvents. 相似文献
125.
We have developed an efficient Pd(II)-catalyzed enantioselective oxidative tandem cyclization strategy using molecular oxygen as a green oxidant for the double 5-exo-trig cyclizations of N-(2-allylaryl) amides to afford a variety of indolines in good yields without the formation of undesired monocyclization products. By employing Pd(TFA)2/(-)-sparteine as the chiral catalyst, we obtained tandem cyclization products with high enantioselectivity (up to 91% ee). 相似文献
126.
Shiang JJ Cole AG Sension RJ Hang K Weng Y Trommel JS Marzilli LG Lian T 《Journal of the American Chemical Society》2006,128(3):801-808
Femtosecond transient IR and visible absorption spectroscopies have been employed to investigate the excited-state photophysics of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin, CNCbl) and the related cob(III)alamins, azidocobalamin (N3Cbl), and aquocobalamin (H2OCbl). Excitation of CNCbl, H2OCbl, or N3Cbl results in rapid formation of a short-lived excited state followed by ground-state recovery on time scales ranging from a few picoseconds to a few tens of picoseconds. The lifetime of the intermediate state is influenced by the sigma-donating ability of the axial ligand, decreasing in the order CNCbl > N3Cbl > H2OCbl, and by the polarity of the solvent, decreasing with increasing solvent polarity. The peak of the excited-state visible absorption spectrum is shifted to ca. 490 nm, and the shape of the spectrum is characteristic of weak axial ligands, similar to those observed for cob(II)alamin, base-off cobalamins, or cobinamides. Transient IR spectra of the upper CN and N3 ligands are red-shifted 20-30 cm(-1) from the ground-state frequencies, consistent with a weakened Co-upper ligand bond. These results suggest that the transient intermediate state can be attributed to a corrin ring pi to Co 3d(z2) ligand to metal charge transfer (LMCT) state. In this state bonds between the cobalt and the axial ligands are weakened and lengthened with respect to the corresponding ground states. 相似文献
127.
Terence C. W. Poon Irene L. Ang Man‐Ki Law Kiwi Y. W. Chan Eddy W. Y. Ng Sai‐Ming Ngai Joseph J. Y. Sung Henry L. Y. Chan 《Electrophoresis》2010,31(10):1721-1730
ProteinChip surface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization technology and magnetic beads‐based ClinProt system are commonly used for semi‐quantitative profiling of plasma proteome in biomarker discovery. Unfortunately, the proteins/peptides detected by MS are non‐recoverable. To obtain the protein identity of a MS peak, additional time‐consuming and material‐consuming purification steps have to be done. In this study, we developed a magnetic beads‐based proteomic fingerprinting method that allowed semi‐quantitative proteomic profiling and micropreparative purification of the profiled proteins in parallel. The use of different chromatographic magnetic beads allowed us to obtain different proteomic profiles, which were comparable to those obtained by the ProteinChip surface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization technology. Our assays were semi‐quantitative. The normalized peak intensity was proportional to concentration measured by immunoassay. Both intra‐assay and inter‐assay coefficients of variation of the normalized peak intensities were in the range of 4–30%. Our method only required 2 μL of serum or plasma for generating enough proteins for semi‐quantitative profiling by MALDI‐TOF‐MS as well as for gel electrophoresis and subsequent protein identification. The protein peaks and corresponding gel spots could be easily matched by comparing their intensities and masses. Because of its high efficiency and reproducibility, our method has great potentials in clinical research, especially in biomarker discovery. 相似文献
128.
Four new SnII phosphonates have been synthesized by hydrothermal methods, and their structures determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Tin(II) 3-pyridylphosphonate, SnO3PC5H4N (I), crystallizes in P21/c with a=4.9595(8) Å, b=10.7673(18) Å, c=13.996(2) Å, and β=93.616(2)°. Tri-tin(II) (μ-3)-oxo-(bis)-4-pyridylphosphonate, Sn3O(O3PC5H4N)2 (II), crystallizes in P-1 with a=7.2406(14) Å, b=9.9524(19) Å, c=12.604(3) Å, α=104.510(11)°, β=90.326(11)°, and γ=110.897(11)°. Tin(II) 6-methyl-2-pyridylphosphonate quadrahydrate, Sn(O3PC5H3NCH3)·0.25H2O (III), crystallizes in Pna21, a=18.955(3) Å, b=9.7543(14) Å, and c=17.833(3) Å. Tin(II) 4-cyanophenylphosphonate, Sn(O3PC6H4CN) (IV), crystallizes in P-1, a=5.0019(3) Å, b=8.4396(5) Å, c=10.3099(6) Å, α=90.352(3)°, β=94.894(3)°, and γ=92.236(4)°. I, II, and IV have ladder-type structures, and III is a layered compound. The structural variations show the effects of the Sn-N interaction on the final structures. 相似文献
129.
Law M Greene LE Radenovic A Kuykendall T Liphardt J Yang P 《The journal of physical chemistry. B》2006,110(45):22652-22663
We describe the construction and performance of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) based on arrays of ZnO nanowires coated with thin shells of amorphous Al(2)O(3) or anatase TiO(2) by atomic layer deposition. We find that alumina shells of all thicknesses act as insulating barriers that improve cell open-circuit voltage (V(OC)) only at the expense of a larger decrease in short-circuit current density (J(SC)). However, titania shells 10-25 nm in thickness cause a dramatic increase in V(OC) and fill factor with little current falloff, resulting in a substantial improvement in overall conversion efficiency, up to 2.25% under 100 mW cm(-2) AM 1.5 simulated sunlight. The superior performance of the ZnO-TiO(2) core-shell nanowire cells is a result of a radial surface field within each nanowire that decreases the rate of recombination in these devices. In a related set of experiments, we have found that TiO(2) blocking layers deposited underneath the nanowire films yield cells with reduced efficiency, in contrast to the beneficial use of blocking layers in some TiO(2) nanoparticle cells. Raising the efficiency of our nanowire DSCs above 2.5% depends on achieving higher dye loadings through an increase in nanowire array surface area. 相似文献
130.