Crystal Transformation of Nylon 11 Using in situ WAXD

Nylon I I is a high-performance semicrystalline polymer which was used widely in manyfields. In recent years, the curious ferroelectric and piezoelectric propel'ties of nylon I Iwere foundl'2. It is well known that piezoelectricity is related to the crystal form ofNylon I 1.The sample was mounteds in a capillary (diameter was Zmm) within a small ovenwith mica windows. The scattered intensity was recorded from Q = 0.2 to 6.5 A-] (Q =ursine/~) using steps of AQ=o.o5A-'. The values of the p…     

The origin of the high performance of tungsten carbides/carbon nanotubes supported Pt catalysts for methanol electrooxidation

The Pt supported on WC modified MWCNT catalysts (PtWC/MWCNT) were synthesized by the combination of organic colloidal and intermittent microwave heating (IMH) methods for the first. The results proved the better performance of the PtWC/MWCNT catalyst than that of Pt/C for methanol oxidation in terms of the onset potential and peak current density. The synergistic effect between Pt nanoparticles and WC and the structure effect of the MWCNTs could be the reasons to result in the high activity. The CO stripping test provided the evidence that the onset potential shift for methanol oxidation is consistent with the reduction in the overpotential for the CO oxidation on PtWC/MWCNT catalyst. Therefore, the mechanism of the high performance for methanol oxidation on PtWC/MWCNT catalyst is probably the easier oxidation of CO-like species which cause high overpotential for further oxidation of methanol.     

Photopromoted carbonylation of 1-bromo-6-chlorohexane under ambient conditions

Photopromoted carbonylation of 1-bromo-6-chlorohexane with CO catalyzed by CuBr2 and CdI2 has been carried out under ambient conditions. The results indicate that the carbonylation proceeds with the major product of chloroester ClCH2（CH2）5COOCH3 under catalysis of CuBr2. Furthermore, the activity of the carbonylation can be improved by addition of basic additives （NaOAc, Na3PO4 or （n-C4H9）3N）. Among these additives, （n-C4H9）3N is the most efficient in terms of the yield of ClCH2（CH2）5COOCH3. However, the methoxycarbonyl substituting chlorine product of BrCH2（CH2）5COOCH3 is not obtained in the presence of CdI2. This is quite different from the carbonylation of monochloroalkane.     

A new modified remote user authentication scheme using smart cards

In 2000, a remote user authentication scheme using smart cards was proposed and the masquerade attacks were proved successful on this scheme. Recently, Kumar has suggested the idea of check digits to overcome the above attacks with a new scheme that removes these threats well. In this paper it is pointed out that the weakness still exists in Kumar＇s scheme, and the intruder can login to the remote system through having some information. A new scheme which can overcome these attacks and appears more secure and efficient than Kumar＇s is presented.     

Influencing Factors on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Tea Polysaccharides

Tea polysaccharides (TPSs) are one of the main bioactive constituents of tea with various biological activities such as hypoglycemic effect, antioxidant, antitumor, and immunomodulatory. The bioactivities of TPSs are directly associated with their structures such as chemical composition, molecular weight, glycosidic linkages, and conformation among others. To study the relationship between the structures of TPSs and their bioactivities, it is essential to elucidate the structure of TPSs, particularly the fine structures. Due to the vast variation nature of monosaccharide units and their connections, the structure of TPSs is extremely complex, which is also affected by several major factors including tea species, processing technologies of tea and isolation methods of TPSs. As a result of the complexity, there are few studies on their fine structures and chain conformation. In the present review, we aim to provide a detailed summary of the multiple factors influencing the characteristics of TPS chemical structures such as variations of tea species, degree of fermentation, and preparation methods among others as well as their applications. The main aspects of understanding the structural difference of TPSs and influencing factors are to assist the study of the structure and bioactivity relationship and ultimately, to control the production of the targeted TPSs with the most desired biological activity.     

Removal of the PsaF Polypeptide Biases Electron Transfer in Favor of the PsaB Branch of Cofactors in Triton X‐100 Photosystem I Complexes from Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002†

Continuous wave (CW) and transient electron paramagnetic resonance studies have implied that when PsaF is removed genetically, the double reduction of A_1A is facile, the lifetime of A_1A^? is shorter and the ratio of fast to slow kinetic phases increases in PS I complexes isolated with Triton X‐100 (Van der Est, A., A. I. Valieva, Y. E. Kandrashkin, G. Shen, D. A. Bryant and J. H. Golbeck [2004] Biochemistry 43 , 1264–1275). Changes in the lifetimes of A_1A^? and A_1B^? are characteristic of mutants involving the quinone binding sites, but changes in the relative amplitudes of A_1A^? and A_1B^? are characteristic of mutants involving the primary electron acceptors, A_0A and A_0B. Here, we measured the fast and slow phases of electron transfer from A_1B^? and A_1A^? to F_X in psaF and psaE psaF null mutants using time‐resolved CW and pump‐probe optical absorption spectroscopy. The lifetime of the fast kinetic phase was found to be unaltered, but the lifetime of the slow kinetic phase was shorter in the psaF null mutant and even more so in the psaE psaF null mutant. Concomitantly, the amplitude of the fast kinetic phase increased by a factor of 1.8 and 2.0 in the psaF and psaE psaF null mutants, respectively, at the expense of the slow kinetic phase. The change in ratio of the fast to slow kinetic phases is explained as either a redirection of electron transfer through A_1B at the expense of A_1A, or a shortening of the lifetime of A_1A^? to become identical to that of A_1B^?. The constant lifetime and the characteristics of the near‐UV spectrum of the fast kinetic phase favor the former explanation. A unified hypothesis is presented of a displacement of the A‐jk(1) α‐helix and switchback loop, which would weaken the H‐bond from Leu₇₂₂ to A_1A, accounting for the acceleration of the slow kinetic phase, as well as weaken the H‐bond from Tyr₆₉₆ to A_0A, accounting for the bias of electron transfer in favor of the PsaB branch of cofactors.     

Easy Fabrication of Dense Ceramic Membrane for Oxygen Separation

During the past decade, dense-type oxygen-permeable ceramic membranes have received considerable attention both in the fields of scientific research and industrial application1, 2. Such membranes have mixed oxygen-ionic and electronic conductivity, and they can permeate oxygen at high temperature under an oxygen gradient without the need of outside connecting line and electrodes. Envisioned applications range from small scale oxygen pumps for medical use to large scale integrated gasification …     

流产后宫内胎物组织残留的超声诊断

回顾性分析了４６例临床被证实为宫内胎物组织残留的病例。结果表明，流产后较长时间有不规则阴道流血，而作Ｂ超检查能发现特征性改变。声像图显示，子宫增大，宫内有异常光团和不规则液性暗区或宫腔局部膨隆，周边见很亮光条。认为诊断宫内残留组织，可以结合病只与声像技术较易诊断出来。本组超声诊断符合率达９８％。对减少因宫内残留造成的子宫收缩不良、不规则阴道流血等现象，避免并发感染及导致绒癌发生等不良后果，有重要的     

Synthesis and characterization of amphiphilic block–graft MPEG‐b‐(PαN3CL‐g‐alkyne) degradable copolymers by ring‐opening polymerization and click chemistry

A straightforward strategy is proposed for the synthesis of novel, amphiphilic block–graft MPEG‐b‐(PαN₃CL‐g‐alkyne) degradable copolymers. First, the ring‐opening polymerization of α‐chloro‐ε‐caprolactone (αClCL) was initiated by hydroxy‐terminated macroinitiator monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol) (MPEG) with SnOct₂ as the catalyst. In a second step, pendent chlorides were converted into azides by the reaction with sodium azide. Finally, various kinds of terminal alkynes were reacted with pendent azides by copper‐catalyzed Huisgen's 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition, and thus a “click” reaction. These copolymers were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), ¹H NMR, IR, and gel permeation chromatography. By fixing the length of the MPEG block and increasing the length of PαClCL (or PαN₃CL) block, an increase tendency in T_gs was observed. However, the copolymers of MPEG‐b‐PαClCL and MPEG‐b‐PαN₃CL were semicrystalline when the M_n of MPEG was above 2000 g mol^?1. The block–graft copolymers formed micelles in the aqueous phase with critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) in the range of 1.4–12.0 mg L^?1 depending on the composition of polymers. The lengths of hydrophilic segment influence the shape of the micelle. The mean hydrodynamic diameters of the micelles from dynamic light scattering were in the range of 90–160 nm. In vitro hydrolytic degradation of block–graft copolymers is faster than the corresponding block copolymers. The drug entrapment efficiency and the drug loading content of micelles depending on the composition of block–graft polymers were described. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4320–4331, 2008     

ZnS:Ho3+的光谱特性

本工作系统地研究了Ho3+在ZnS中的光谱特性。利用不同激发波长的发射光谱、激发光谱和发光衰减鉴别出29000-14000cm-1范围内的激发谱线和发射谱线所对应的跃迁。共观察到5G5′,5G4,5G5,5G6,3K8,5F2,5F3和5S2八个4f能级的发射和5G6,5G5,3K7,3H6和5G3(3L9)五个4f能级的激发。由发射光强随温度的变化规律,研究了Ho3+的5G5′和5G4,5F3和5S2能级间的多声子弛豫过程以及5G6,3K3,5F2和5F3能级间的热平衡过程。通过近带边激发下的发光行为,提出Ho3+在ZnS中的近带边激发下发光是借助于能量传递过程,不同激发态借助不同的传递途径,而且不同的发光中心也具有不同的传递机制。