Non-isothermal flow through a rotating straight duct with wide range of rotational and pressure driven parameters

Numerical study is performed to investigate the Non-isothermal flow in a rotating straight duct under various flow conditions. Spectral method is applied as a main tool for the numerical technique, where the Chebyshev polynomial, the Collocation methods, the Arc-length method and the Newton-Raphson method are also used as secondary tools. The characteristics of the flow mentioned above are described here. The incompressible viscous steady Non-isothermal flow through a straight duct of rectangular cross-section rotating at a constant angular velocity about the center of the duct cross-section is investigated numerically to examine the combined effects of Rotation parameter (Coriolis force), Grashof number (parameter which is used in heat, transfer studies involving free, forced or natural convection and is equql to \(\frac{{L^3 g\beta \Delta {\rm T}}}{{v^2 }}\), where L is the characteristic length, ρ the density, g the acceleration due to gravity, β the thermal expansion coefficient, ΔT the temperature difference, μ the viscosity and ν the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. The expansion coefficient β is a measure of the rate at which the volume V of the fluid changes with temperature at a given pressure P), Prandtl number, aspect ratio and Pressure-driven parameter (centrifugal force) on the flow. We examine the structures in case of rotation of the duct axis and the Pressure-driven parameter with large aspect ratio where other parameters are fixed. The calculations are carried out for 0 ≤ T _r ≤ 300, 2 ≤ γ ≤ 6, G _r = 100, P _r = 7.0 and 0 ≤ P _r ≤ 800 by applying the Spectral method. When Ω > 0 and the rotation is in the same direction as the Coriolis force enforces the centrifugal force, multiple solutions of Non-symmetric the secondary flow patterns with 10-vortex (maximum) are obtained in case of T _r = 100 and 150 with large aspect ratio. The intense of the temperature field is very strong near the heated wall in all cases. Finally, the overall solutions of the problems considered in conclusion.     

Primitive digraphs with the largest scrambling index

The scrambling index of a primitive digraph D is the smallest positive integer k such that for every pair of vertices u and v, there is a vertex w such that we can get to w from u and v in D by directed walks of length k; it is denoted by k(D). In [M. Akelbek, S. Kirkland, Coefficients of ergodicity and the scrambling index, preprint] we gave the upper bound on k(D) in terms of the order and the girth of a primitive digraph D. In this paper, we characterize all the primitive digraphs such that the scrambling index is equal to the upper bound.     

Inverse dynamics of underactuated multibody systems

The present work deals with controlled mechanical systems subject to holonomic constraints. In particular, we focus on underactuated systems, defined as systems in which the number of degrees of freedom exceeds the number of inputs. The governing equations of motion can be written in the form of differential-algebraic equations (DAEs) with a mixed set of holonomic and control constraints. The rotationless formulation of multibody dynamics will be considered [1]. To this end, we apply a specific projection method to the DAEs in terms of redundant coordinates. A similar projection approach has been previously developed in the framework of generalized coordinates by Blajer & Kołodziejczyk [2]. (© 2009 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

AC electrical behaviour of a Pb2CrO5 ceramic sample with surface electrodes

ac measurements (1 Hz–10 kHz) have been carried out on a Pb₂CrO₅ ceramic sample (with surface electrodes) at room temperature as a function of voltage and intensity of visible light illuminating the sample. Cole-Cole complex impedance plots show that the electrical behaviour of Pb₂CrO₅ is strongly modified when the sample is illuminated. The bulk conductance of the sample is found to increase with increasing light intensity indicating that this dielectric material becomes semiconducting due to the photogeneration of free charge carriers in the conduction band. The dielectric constant of the sample is enhanced by illumination probably due to light-dependent space charge effects in a manner where the dielectric's relaxation time (=RC=0.7 ms) remains constant with light intensity. On the other hand, both the bulk conductance and geometrical capacitance of the sample have been found to be almost independent of the applied voltage.     

Efficient access to bisphenol A metabolites: Synthesis of monocatechol,mono-o-quinone,dicatechol, and di-o-quinone of bisphenol A

2-Iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) oxidation of bisphenol A (BPA) is described. The selective production of either the mono-o-quinone or the di-o-quinone can be controlled by IBX stoichiometry. Isolated yields of quinone were greater than 80%. Previous synthesis of BPA-di-o-quinone using a large excess of Fremy’s salt produced only trace amounts of product. In addition to o-quinone products, both mono- and dicatechols of BPA can synthesize in high yield and isolated without chromatography. The more stable catechols can be quantitatively converted back to o-quinones using silver oxide oxidation in either acetone or DMF. These one-pot reactions provide access to four different BPA metabolites in high yield and significant scale.     

The effect of curvature of Li-doped polycyclic hydrocarbon on its interaction energy with H<Subscript>2</Subscript> and H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O: DF-SAPT (DFT) calculation

In this work, the interaction of three Li⁺-doped polycyclic hydrocarbons (Li⁺-DPH) with H₂ and H₂O was calculated to investigate the effect of curvature of substrate on the interaction energy (E_int). For this purpose, the E_int and its decomposed energy components (electrostatic (E_elec), exchange (E_exch), induction (E_ind), and dispersion energy (E_disp)) were calculated using DF-SAPT (DFT) methodology for the selected systems (Li⁺-(3,3) carbon nanotube (Li⁺-CNT33), Li⁺-(6,6) carbon nanotube (Li⁺-CNT66), and Li⁺-graphene). According to the results, E_int does not change significantly with curvature for the interaction between both H₂ and H₂O gases and the selected Li⁺-DPH. Since the variation of the E_int with the curvature of Li⁺-DPH is not significant, the selection of a planar Li⁺-DPH is a trustworthy model to develop a general force field for describing the interaction between a Li⁺-DPH and adsorbed gases. The results reveal that, in the case of the H₂, the components E_elect, E_exch, E_ind, and E_disp have shown a decreasing trend with Li⁺-DPH’s curvature decrement. However, for the H₂O, E_elect, E_exch, and E_ind decrease from the Li⁺-CNT33 to the Li⁺-CNT66 while they increase from the Li⁺-CNT66 to the Li⁺-graphene. In this case, the E_disp increases with a decrease of the curvature of Li⁺-DPH. Finally, it can be seen that although the variation of the E_int with the curvature of Li⁺-DPH is not significant, the variation trend of the interaction energy components and the amount of variation depend on the gas molecule and in some cases are not negligible.     

Enhanced Bioethanol Production from Potato Peel Waste Via Consolidated Bioprocessing with Statistically Optimized Medium

In this study, an extensive screening was undertaken to isolate some amylolytic microorganisms capable of producing bioethanol from starchy biomass through Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP). A total of 28 amylolytic microorganisms were isolated, from which 5 isolates were selected based on high α-amylase and glucoamylase activities and identified as Candida wangnamkhiaoensis, Hyphopichia pseudoburtonii (2 isolates), Wickerhamia sp., and Streptomyces drozdowiczii based on 26S rDNA and 16S rDNA sequencing. Wickerhamia sp. showed the highest ethanol production (30.4 g/L) with fermentation yield of 0.3 g ethanol/g starch. Then, a low cost starchy waste, potato peel waste (PPW) was used as a carbon source to produce ethanol by Wickerhamia sp. Finally, in order to obtain maximum ethanol production from PPW, a fermentation medium was statistically designed. The effect of various medium ingredients was evaluated initially by Plackett-Burman design (PBD), where malt extracts, tryptone, and KH₂PO₄ showed significantly positive effect (p value < 0.05). Using Response Surface Modeling (RSM), 40 g/L (dry basis) PPW and 25 g/L malt extract were found optimum and yielded 21.7 g/L ethanol. This study strongly suggests Wickerhamia sp. as a promising candidate for bioethanol production from starchy biomass, in particular, PPW through CBP.     

NMR-based metabolomics study of the biochemical relationship between sugarcane callus tissues and their respective nutrient culture media

The culture of sugarcane leaf explant onto culture induction medium triggers the stimulation of cell metabolism into both embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus tissues. Previous analyses demonstrated that embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus tissues have distinct metabolic profiles. This study is the follow-up to understand the biochemical relationship between the nutrient media and callus tissues using one-dimensional (1D ¹H) and two-dimensional (2D ¹H–¹³C) NMR spectroscopy followed by principal component analysis (PCA). 1D ¹H spectral comparisons of fresh unspent media (FM), embryogenic callus media (ECM), non-embryogenic callus media (NECM), embryogenic callus (EC), and non-embryogenic callus (NEC), showed different metabolic relationships between callus tissues and media. Based on metabolite fold change analysis, significantly changing sugar compounds such as glucose, fructose, sucrose, and maltose were maintained in large quantities by EC only. Significantly different amino acid compounds such as valine, leucine, alanine, threonine, asparagine, and glutamine and different organic acid derivatives such as lactate, 2-hydroxyisobutyrate, 4-aminobutyrate, malonate, and choline were present in EC, NEC, and NECM, which indicates that EC maintained these nutrients, while NEC either maintained or secreted the metabolites. These media and callus-specific results suggest that EC and NEC utilize and/or secrete media nutrients differently. Fig

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含吖啶基的单环β-内酰胺及噻唑啉酮衍生物的合成及其生物活性

9-吖啶基甲醛芳亚胺席夫碱分别与氯乙酰氯、苄氧乙酰氯在三乙胺作用下产生的烯酮发生[2+2]环加成反应和巯基乙酸的合环反应,合成了9个1-芳基-3-取代-4-(9-吖啶基)-氮杂环丁-2-酮衍生物L1~L6和2-(9-吖啶基)-3-芳基-1,3-噻唑烷-4-酮衍生物T1~T3,对所合成的化合物进行了体外抗癌活性和白细胞共同抗原活性筛选.结构表明,当样品浓度为10μmol/L时,化合物L4对肿瘤细胞HL-60(Leucocythemia人白血病细胞)生长的抑制率为79.4%.当样品浓度为20μg/mL时,化合物L5,L6和T3对细胞分裂周期磷酸酯酶Cdc25B(Cell division cycle 25B phosphatase)的抑制率分别为80.64%,99.75%和99.34%.当样品浓度为20μmol/mL时,化合物L6和T3对CD45(leukocyte common antigen,LCA白细胞共同抗原)蛋白酪氨酸磷酸酶A的抑制率分别为86.12%和91.03%.在此基础上,初步讨论了该类化合物的构效关系.