Products of monotonically normal spaces with factors defined by topological games

Recently, it has been proved that orthocompactness implies normality for the products of a monotonically normal space and a compact space. It had been known that normality, collectionwise normality and the shrinking property are equivalent for the same products. We extend these two results for the products replacing the compact factor with a factor defined by topological games. Moreover, we prove the equivalence of orthocompactness and weak suborthocompactness in these products.     

Temperature dependence of three-body hydrophobic interactions: potential of mean force, enthalpy, entropy, heat capacity, and nonadditivity

Temperature-dependent three-body hydrophobic interactions are investigated by extensive constant-pressure simulations of methane-like nonpolar solutes in TIP4P model water at six temperatures. A multiple-body hydrophobic interaction is considered to be (i) additive, (ii) cooperative, or (iii) anti-cooperative if its potential of mean force (PMF) is (i) equal to, (ii) smaller than, or (iii) larger than the corresponding pairwise sum of two-methane PMFs. We found that three-methane hydrophobic interactions at the desolvation barrier are anti-cooperative at low to intermediate T, and vary from essentially additive to slightly cooperative at high T. Interactions at the contact minimum are slightly anti-cooperative over a wider temperature range. Enthalpy, entropy, and heat capacity are estimated from the computed PMFs. Contrary to the common expectation that burial of solvent-accessible nonpolar surface area always leads to a decrease in heat capacity, the present results show that the change in heat capacity upon three-methane association is significantly positive at the desolvation barrier and slightly positive at the contact minimum. This suggests that the heat capacity signature of a hydrophobic polymer need not vary uniformly nor monotonically with conformational compactness. Ramifications for protein folding are discussed.     

Growth of high-quality ZnO single crystals by seeded CVT using the newly designed ampoule

The high-quality ZnO single crystals were grown by seeded chemical vapor transport (CVT) in a newly designed ampoule using carbon as a transport agent. The well-faceted crystal of about 5×5×5 mm³ can be grown reproducibly. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) analysis, X-ray rocking curve (XRC) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements demonstrate that the grown single crystal is of high purity and high crystallinity.     

Development of a fluorimetric detection method for cinnabarinic acid using ortho‐tolyl hydrazine as the derivatization reagent

A fluorimetric detection method for one of the tryptophan metabolites, cinnabarinic acid (CA), which has recently been reported to have the ability to induce apoptosis in thymocytes, was developed using o‐tolyl hydrazine (TH) as the derivatization reagent. The carbonyl group at position 3 in CA was tagged with the hydrazino moiety of TH at 100°C for 30 min, and the generated derivative, CA tagged with TH, fluoresced at 412 nm with a 316 nm excitation wavelength. The CA tagged with TH was separated on a reversed‐phase HPLC and detected fluorometrically. The relative standard deviation was in the range of 1.1–8.9% (n = 3), and the detection limit was approximately 12?fmol (signal‐to‐noise ratio, 3). The proposed HPLC method can be useful for the sensitive detection of CA. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Son, Ltd.     

Neutron,photon and proton energy spectra at high altitude measured using a phoswich-type neutron detector

Neutron energy spectrum from 7 to 180 MeV, photon energy spectrum from 4 to 50 MeV and proton energy spectrum from 94 to 145 MeV were measured simultaneously using a phoswich-type neutron detector with particle discrimination methods at atmospheric depth of 249 g/cm², a vertical cut-off rigidity of 10.2 GV and at a heliocentric potential of 312 MV. We compared our results with other measured and calculated particle energy spectra. Our measured results give a large, sharp neutron peak around 70 MeV, although Bonner balls show a broad peak around 100 MeV due to low energy resolution. The measured photon and proton spectra are between the calculated energy spectra. This onboard study provides the first experimental neutron energy spectrum over 10 MeV with a high-energy resolution.     

Substituent effect on the diastereoselectivity in the chelation-controlled radical reactions of γ-(p-substituted-benzyloxy)-α-methylene esters with alkyl iodides

A pronounced substituent effect on the diastereoselectivity in the chelation controlled radical reactions of ethyl γ-(p-substituted-benzyloxy)-α-methylenecarboxylates with alkyl iodides was observed. The syn-selectivity increased in the order of electron-donating ability NO₂<CN<CF₃<F<H<i-Pr, Me, OMe of the p-substituent, and the plot of the log(syn/anti) versus Hammett sigma constants gave a linear correlation. The complexation experiments of the substrates with Lewis acid using ¹H NMR spectroscopy and the competition experiments between p-isopropylbenzyloxy and p-trifluoromethylbenzyloxy esters showed that the electron-donating p-isopropyl group stabilized the seven-membered chelate ring to give high syn-selectivity.