流体力学半径对估算胶体微球聚集速率常数的影响

胶体粒子聚集速率常数实验值远低于理论值一直是被普遍关注的问题.聚集速率常数的理论推导是基于粒子的几何半径来考虑的,但决定粒子扩散速率及聚集速率的应该是粒子的流体力学半径(大于几何半径),因而它是使聚集速率常数实验值低于理论值的因素之一.影响流体力学半径的因素很多,其中,带电粒子在溶液中因表面存在双电层,会明显增大流体力学半径,造成聚集速率减慢.而双电层的厚度又随溶液中离子强度的不同而改变.本工作在聚集速率的公式中引入了修正因子,即几何半径与其流体力学半径之比,以修正由于用几何半径代替流体力学半径带来的误差.其中几何半径和流体力学半径可以分别用扫描电镜(SEM)和动态光散射(DLS)来测定.以两种粒径的聚苯乙烯带电微球为例,考察了在不同离子强度下,该误差的大小.结果发现,对于半径为30 nm的微球,用流体力学半径计算的慢聚集速率常数比理论值偏低约8%.该误差随离子强度增加而减少.对于快聚集情况,流体力学半径对聚集速率基本没有影响.     

Synthetic magnetic opals

We present studies of novel nanocomposites of BiNi impregnated into the structure of opals as well as inverse opals. Atomic force microscopy and high resolution elemental analyses show a highly ordered structure and uniform distribution of the BiNi filler in the matrix. These BiNi-based nanocomposites are found to exhibit distinct ferromagnetic-like ordering with transition temperature of about 675 K. As far as we know there exists no report in literature on any BiNi compound which is magnetic.     

Self-assembly of C60 fullerenes on quasi-one-dimensional Si(111)4 × 1-In surface

Using scanning tunneling microscopy observations, self-assembly of C₆₀ fullerenes in the course of room-temperature adsorption onto Si(111)4 × 1-In reconstruction and after subsequent annealing at temperatures ranging from 150 to 450 °C has been studied. Adsorbed C₆₀ fullerenes have been found to occupy off-centered positions on In-atom rows forming linear chains with a maximal length of eight C₆₀ molecules. Intermolecular spacing within the regular chains equals three lattice constants of Si(111) surface. Two energetically different adsorption states of C₆₀ have been detected, one of which is occupied preferentially at room temperature, while occupation of the second (more tight) state dominates at temperature above ~ 150 °C. In the first state, C₆₀ fullerene resides plausibly in a continuous rotation, while in the second state a C₆₀ molecule is fixed tightly in a single orientation with a C₆₀ hexagon pointing upward. Transition of C₆₀ fullerenes to the more stable state is accompanied by expelling In atoms from the Si(111)4 × 1-In reconstruction.     

Instability of equilibrium of the liquid dielectric surface and formation of regular cellular structures in the field of a corona discharge

It has been established experimentally that the equilibrium of the plane surface of transformer oil under a corona electrode (needle) becomes unstable when the critical voltage, which increases with the oil layer thickness, is attained at the corona point. When the voltage at the needle exceeds the critical value, regular static cells are formed on the oil surface with characteristic sizes decreasing upon an increase in voltage. The theoretically estimated parameters of the experiment are found to be close to the experimental data. Comparison of the parameters corresponding to the occurrence of instability in the equilibrium of the oil surface in the field of the corona discharge with the parameters of instability in the equilibrium of the charged surface of liquid helium in a uniform electric field [7] demonstrates the similarity of the effects.     

Temperature hysteretic effect and its influence on colossal magnetoresistance of La0.33Nd0.33Ca0.33MnO3

Electrical resistance (R) measurements of a bulk La_0.33Nd_0.33Ca_0.33MnO₃ perovskite in magnetic fields up to 40 kOe have revealed anomalous temperature hysteretic effects both in 0 Oe and 20 kOe magnetic fields. The sharp peak observed in the R vs. T plot indicates the occurrence of metal-to-insulator (M-I) transition at a temperature of T _MI=110 K and 140 K, for cooling and warming paths, respectively. An applied magnetic field of 20 kOe reduces the resistance and shifts T _MI to 160 K and 185 K for cooling and warming, respectively. We have observed a much higher resistance in the cooling path than in the warming path leading to the hysteretic resistance ratio (R _cool/R _warm) of 200 at 110 K and 1.8 at 160 K for 0 Oe and 20 kOe, respectively. Record values of colossal magnetoresistance (CMR) have been achieved. The CMR value reaches nearly 99% in the temperature ranges of 90 K to 140 K and 90 K to 170 K for 20 kOe and 40 kOe magnetic fields in the cooling mode, respectively. The observed unusual behavior is attributed to the co-existence of La-rich and Nd-rich domains assumed to be distributed randomly in the compound.     

Peak effect studies in single crystals CeRu2 and 2H-NbS2

We have studied the peak effect (PE) phenomenon in single crystals of weakly pinned superconductors CeRu₂ and 2H-NbS₂. 2H-NbS₂ is iso-structural and iso-electronic to 2H-NbSe₂, whose similarity with CeRu₂ as regards the PE representing the order-to-disorder transformation of the flux line lattice was claimed some time ago. We report on the step change in equilibrium magnetization across the peak effect in CeRu₂. We also present the vortex phase diagram of 2H-NbS₂ obtained from the magnetization data, and compare the PE phenomenon in 2H-NbS₂ and 2H-NbSe₂.     

Features of the structure and properties of β-FeSi<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanofilms and a β-FeSi<Subscript>2</Subscript>/Si interface

The electronic, geometric, and magnetic structure of nanofilms of the β phase of iron disilicide FeSi₂ with the (001), (100), and (010) surfaces have been simulated through density functional calculations. A substantial reconstruction of the (001) surface terminated with silicon atoms has been observed, which was accompanied by an increase in the surface symmetry and appearance of “squares” of silicon atoms. Analysis of the electron density of states (DOS) and spin DOS projected on the contributions of layers of atoms (LSDOS) indicates that all plates have metallic properties. The main contribution near the Fermi level comes from the surface iron layers and it decreases rapidly with an increase in the distance from the surface of the plate. Analysis of the calculated effective magnetic moments of atoms shows that the surface layers in the plates have a significant magnetic moment, in particular, iron layers on the (001) surface (1.89 μ_B/atom). The moments of atoms decrease rapidly with an increase in their distance from the surface. The electron and geometric regions of a (001)Si/FeSi₂ interface have been studied. Analysis of the LSDOS shows that the surface conducting state mainly determined by the contribution from the near-surface silicide layers is implemented in this region. The possibility of the formation of the perfect and sharp Si/FeSi₂ interface has been demonstrated.     

Intercluster conduction in lightly doped La<Subscript>1 − <Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>Ca<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>MnO<Subscript>3</Subscript> manganites in the paramagnetic temperature range

The magnetotransport and magnetic properties of La _{1 ? x} Ca _x MnO₃ polycrystalline samples (x = 0–0.3) annealed under vacuum and in the oxygen environment are investigated in the temperature range from 77 to 400 K. The magnetic studies of lightly doped manganites reveal persistence of short-range magnetic order up to a temperature T* ≈ 300 K, which is about 2–3 times higher than their Curie temperature T _C. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity measured from T* down to nearly T ≈ T _C is fitted by the relation logρ ～ T ^?1/2, which is characteristic of granular metals with electrons tunneling among nanoclusters of magnetic metals embedded in a dielectric host. The magnetoresistance of polycrystalline samples annealed in the oxygen environment has been observed to increase. The electrical, magnetic, and magnetotransport properties of the manganites can be accounted for by the formation of magnetic nanoclusters below T*, tunneling (or hopping) of carriers among the nanoclusters, variation in the magnetic cluster size, and tunneling barrier thickness with variations in temperature and magnetic field strength, as well as by the effect of annealing in different media on the cluster properties.     

Direct one-index transformations in multiconfiguration response calculations

The evaluation of gradient vectors of a general operator with one-index, double-one-index, or higher-order one-index transformed integrals is a key operation in multiconfiguration response theory calculations. We describe an integral-driven direct algorithm that carries out this operation efficiently without pretransforming the integrals. The use of this algorithm leads to a considerable reduction in disk space and timing. © 1994 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Design,synthesis of novel quinazolin-4-one derivatives and biological evaluation against human MCF-7 breast cancer cell line

A new series of 6,8-dibromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one derivatives VI–XIII were synthesized. Their chemical structures were confirmed by spectral and elemental analysis. The cytotoxic effect of the newly synthesized compounds was tested in vitro against human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7). Most of the tested compounds have shown promising cytotoxic activity. Compounds X and XIIIb exerted a powerful cytotoxic effect against MCF-7 with a very low IC50 (0.0015 and 0.0047 µmol/ml), while compounds VI, VII, VIII, XIIb, XI, XIIIc and IX exerted a moderate cytotoxic effect (IC50 0.01523, 0.0213, 0.031, 0.0478, 0.049, 0.068 and 0.079 µmol/ml respectively), compared to doxorubicin (0.0025 µmol/ml). Exploring their apoptotic effect; interestingly,all compounds activated apoptotic cascade in MCF-7. Compounds VI, XIIIb, XIIb, XI, XIIa, VII, V and VIII showed potent effect even much more than doxorubicin by 12.87–5.91 folds, while compounds XIIIc, IX, XIIIa, XIIc and X showed moderate increase in CASP3 activity by 4.96–3.22 folds relative to untreated cells more or less similar to doxorubicin (5.57 folds).