Facile Synthesis of Pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines and Pyrimido[4,5‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐one Derivatives

Pyrazolopyrimidine and pyrimidopyrimidine derivatives have shown a wide range of biological activities such as acting as A₁ adenosine receptors, kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), Rous sarcoma oncogene (Src), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), antiproliferative, dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), antimicrobial, antifungal, and lipid peroxidation. Because of this wide range of activities, we have synthesized pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines and pyrimido[4,5‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐one derivatives.     

Vanadium oxytrichloride,a novel reagent for the oxidative trimerization of o-dialkoxybenzenes to hexaalkoxytriphenylenes

Triphenylene derivatives with six peripheral chains can make excellent discotic liquid crystals showing great promise in electronic devices. Vanadium oxytrichloride was found to be a novel reagent for the preparation of various triphenylene derivatives. Symmetrically substituted hexaalkoxytriphenylenes were obtained from o-dialkoxybenzenes by oxidative trimerization with VOCl₃ in high yields. Oxidative coupling of a 3,3',4,4'-tetraalkoxybiphenyl with 1,2-dialkoxybenzenes yielded unsymmetrically substituted derivatives of triphenylene; a direct coupling of a 3,3',4,4'-tetraalkoxybiphenyl with alkoxyphenol produced monofunctionalized triphenylenes.     

Polymeric Coordination Compounds Derived from Transition Metal(II) with Tetradentate Schiff‐base: Synthetic,Spectroscopic, Magnetic and Thermal Approach

The polymeric coordination compounds have been synthesized using the dipotassium salt of N,N′‐di(carboxymethylene)terephthalaldehydediimine (K₂SB¹) or N,N′‐di(carboxyethylene)terephthalaldehydediimine (K₂SB²) with manganese(II), cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II), and cadmium(II). The ligands have been characterized by ¹H‐NMR, and ¹³C‐NMR spectra. The polychelates have been characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic measurements, thermogravimetric analyses, electronic spectra and infrared spectra. The coordination compounds are colored, and the central metal ions are octahedrally coordinated with two water molecules and the Schiff bases. The Schiff bases act as di‐negative tetradentate ligands, in which bonding occurs through two oxygen and two nitrogen atoms. The polymers are insoluble in all common organic solvents such as acetone, methanol, ethanol, N,N‐dimethylformamide and dimethylsulfoxide.     

Geometric modeling and validation of twist drills with a generic point profile

Traditionally, twist drills with a few specific point geometry, such as planar, conical, cylindrical, ellipsoidal or hyperboloidal, have been designed and adapted for specific applications. Using CAD, the point geometry can be given a generic definition which will enhance the freedom to design drills with different point profiles and optimize them for multiple objectives. Such a definition can also be used for several downstream applications. This paper presents a methodology to model the twist drills with generic point geometry using NURBS. To begin with, a detailed basic model for a fluted twist drill with sectional geometry made up of arcs and straight lines has been presented in terms of bi-parametric surface patches. The coordinates of cutting lips and chisel edge of the drill have been obtained as solution to a surface-curve intersection problem using optimization algorithm. Subsequently, the model has been generalized by employing NURBS to represent the curves whereby the cutting edges and angles can be altered simply by changing the control points or their respective weights. Using this methodology, the generic definitions of the conventional angles on the drill point have been derived and presented. The proposed model has been illustrated in MATLAB environment and validated experimentally for a conical and an arbitrary point geometry. The experiments show a good conformity with the theoretical evaluations.     

An evaluation of the CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibition potential of metoprolol metabolites and their contribution to drug–drug and drug–herb interaction by LC‐ESI/MS/MS

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the contribution of metabolites to drug–drug interaction and drug–herb interaction using the inhibition of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 by metoprolol (MET) and its metabolites. The peak concentrations of unbound plasma concentration of MET, α‐hydroxy metoprolol (HM), O‐desmethyl metoprolol (ODM) and N‐desisopropyl metoprolol (DIM) were 90.37 ± 2.69, 33.32 ± 1.92, 16.93 ± 1.70 and 7.96 ± 0.94 ng/mL, respectively. The metabolites identified, HM and ODM, had a ratio of metabolic area under the concentration–time curve (AUC) to parent AUC of ≥0.25 when either total or unbound concentration of metabolite was considered. In vitro CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibition by MET, HM and ODM study revealed that MET, HM and ODM were not inhibitors of CYP3A4‐catalyzed midazolam metabolism and CYP2D6‐catalyzed dextromethorphan metabolism. However, DIM only met the criteria of >10% of the total drug related material and <25% of the parent using unbound concentrations. If CYP inhibition testing is solely based on metabolite exposure, DIM metabolite would probably not be considered. However, the present study has demonstrated that DIM contributes significantly to in vitro drug–drug interaction. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.