Compressive stress in polycrystalline volmer-weber films

The Volmer-Weber mode for growing polycrystalline films, which comprises island, network, and channel stages before the films become continuous, is well known for its complex stress behavior with compressive and tensile stress alternating in the initial three growth stages. Recently, two new mechanisms for the compressive stress have been proposed [Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 156103 (2002); 89, 126103 (2002)], which account for the reversibility of stress generation and relaxation. We show that the two mechanisms play only minor roles for the development of compressive stress, which is confirmed to be due to capillarity effects in the precoalescence stage.     

Kink instability of a highly deformable elastic cylinder

When a soft elastic cylinder is bent beyond a critical radius of curvature, a sharp fold in the form of a kink appears catastrophically at its compressed side while the tensile side remains smooth. The critical radius increases linearly with the diameter of the cylinder but remains independent of its material properties such as modulus; the maximum deflection at the location of the kink depends on both the material and geometric properties of the cylinder. The catastrophic dynamics of evolution of the kink depicts propagation of a shear wave from the location of the kink towards the edges signifying that kinking is an elastic response of the material which results in extreme localization of curvature. We have rationalized this phenomenon in the light of the classical Euler's buckling instability in slender elastic rods.     

The role of oxygen and hydrogen partial pressures on structural and optical properties of ITO films deposited by reactive rf-magnetron sputtering

Sn doped In₂O₃ films are deposited by rf-magnetron sputtering at 300 °C under Ar, Ar + O₂ and Ar + H₂ gas ambients. For the film prepared under argon ambient, electrical resistivity 6.5 × 10⁻⁴ Ω cm and 95% optical transmission in the visible region have been achieved optimizing the power and chamber pressure during the film deposition. X-ray diffraction spectra of the ITO film reveal (2 2 2) and (4 0 0) crystallographic planes of In₂O₃. With the introduction of 1.33% oxygen in argon, (2 2 2) peak of In₂O₃ decreases and resistivity increases for the deposited film. With further increase of oxygen in the sputtering gas mixture crystallinity in the film deteriorates and both the peaks disappeared. On the other hand, when 1.33% hydrogen is mixed with argon, the resistivity of the deposited film decreases to 5.5 × 10⁻⁴ Ω cm and the crystallinity remains almost unchanged. In case of reactive sputtering, the deposition rate is lower compared to that in case of non-reactive sputtering. HRTEM and first Fourier patterns show the highly crystalline structure of the samples deposited under Ar and Ar + H₂ ambients. Crystallinity of the film becomes lower with the introduction of oxygen in argon but refractive index increases from 1.86 to 1.9. The surface morphology of the ITO films have been studied by high resolution scanning electron microscopy.     

Quantum computation using vortices and majorana zero modes of a px + ipy superfluid of fermionic cold atoms

We propose to use the recently predicted two-dimensional "weak-pairing" px + ipy superfluid state of fermionic cold atoms as a platform for topological quantum computation. In the core of a vortex, this state supports a zero-energy Majorana mode, which moves to finite energy in the corresponding topologically trivial "strong-pairing" state. By braiding vortices in the "weak-pairing" state, unitary quantum gates can be applied to the Hilbert space of Majorana zero modes. For readout of the topological qubits, we propose realistic schemes suitable for atomic superfluids.     

Growth, optical, mechanical and dielectric studies on NLO active pure and metal ion doped single crystals of bis-thiourea zinc chloride

Good quality single crystals of pure and metal ion (Ni²⁺) doped bis-thiourea zinc chloride (BTZC) possessing excellent nonlinear optical properties have been grown from aqueous solution by the slow solvent evaporation technique. The lattice parameters of the grown crystals are determined by single crystal X-ray analysis. The well defined sharp peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern reveals the crystalline perfection and the EDAX spectrum confirms the presence of dopant in the lattice of the parent crystal. The DRS UV-visible spectral study reveals improved transparency for the doped crystal, ascertaining the inclusion of metal ion in the lattice. The optical band gap of the pure and doped crystals was calculated to be 4.8 and 5.2 eV respectively from the UV transmission spectrum. The vickers hardness test brings forth higher hardness value for Ni²⁺doped BTZC as compared to pure BTZC crystal. The dielectric measurement exhibits very low dielectric constant and dielectric loss at higher frequencies for both the pure and Ni²⁺doped BTZC. The existence of second harmonic generation signals in the crystal also has been confirmed by performing the Kurtz powder test.     

4f-electric quadrupolar anomalies in PrCu2Si2 and its pseudoternary solid solutions

Experimental observations for possible presence of 4f quadrupolar Kondo effect in PrCu₂Si₂ are critically discussed. A comparison of the low temperature properties of the alloys, Pr _x Y_1–x Cu₂Si₂ (x=0.05, 0.2 and 0.4), seems to signal the existence of 4f electric quadrupolar glass phenomenon around 4K forx=0.2.     

Fragment angular momenta in low and medium energy fission of242Pu

Independent isomeric yield ratios of¹²⁸Sb were determined radiochemically in the thermal neutron induced fission of²⁴¹Pu and 34 MeV alpha particle induced fission of²³⁸U, both involving the same compound nucleus (²⁴²Pu). Fragment angular momenta estimated from the measured isomer ratios using the statistical model analysis showed significantly larger fragment angular momenta in the medium energy fissioning system compared to the low energy fissioning system. This has been attributed to the effect of higher excitation energy and angular momentum in the entrance channel leading to increased fragment temperature, moments of inertia and angular velocity. An attempt was made to calculate the fragment angular momentum in the medium energy fission using the Fermi gas model for the fissioning nucleus, taking into account the multichance fission, saddle shapes of the fissioning nuclei and the angular velocity components of the fissioning nuclei both along and orthogonal to the fission axis. The calculated angular momenta agree well with the experimental results.     

Determination of Easy Axis in a Chemical Ferromagnet, 4-(p-Chlorobenzylideneamino)–TEMPO (TEMPO=2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidin-1-Oxyl)

The trapping sites for muon and muonium in ferromagnetic p-Cl–Ph–CH=N–TEMPO [(4-(p-chlorobenzylideneamino)–TEMPO (TEMPO = 2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidin-1-yloxyl)] and the hyperfine interaction tensors for these sites are obtained using first-principles Unrestricted Hartree–Fock theory. The calculated hyperfine interactions are used to compare the calculated zero field muon spin rotation (μSR) frequencies for different choices for the easy axis and the observed frequency. It has been concluded that the two trapping centers that can best explain the observed μSR frequency are a trapped singlet muonium near the radical oxygen and a trapped muon site near the chlorine. The direction of the easy axis also is determined to be the b-axis of the monoclinic lattice. This direction for the easy axis is confirmed by determining the direction of the distributed magnetization in the molecular solid which leads to a minimum dipole–dipole interaction energy. The consequences of this agreement for the easy axis direction by two independent procedures are discussed. This revised version was published online in September 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cognition friendly interaction: A concept of partnership in human computer interaction

This paper identifies yet another field of research, the discipline of human computer interaction, where the concept of self-similar fluctuations can play a vital role. A concept of interaction between computation and cognition is developed that is friendly toward the cognitive process. It is argued that friendly interactions must have a memory and be antipersistent. To cast this in a mathematical form, fluctuations in the interactions recorded over a period of time are studied, and it is shown that these fluctuations must necessarily be self-similar with the value of the self-similarity parameter confined to the interval (0, 1/2), for the interaction to be friendly. A statistical measure of complexity, of the interaction process, is also formulated as a function of the self-similarity parameter. Finally the question is raised as how to build a friendly software and a possible evolutionary process through which friendly softwares may emerge is indicated. (c) 2001 American Institute of Physics.     

Transfer measurements for the Ti+Ni systems at near barrier energies

Large enhancements have been observed in the sub-barrier fusion cross sections for Ti+Ni systems in our previous studies. Coupled channel calculations incorporating couplings to 2⁺ and 3⁻ states failed to explain these enhancements completely. A possibilty of transfer channels contributing to the residual enhancements had been suggested. In order to investigate the role of relevant transfer channels, measurements of one- and two-nucleon transfer were carried out for ^46,48Ti+⁶¹Ni systems. The present paper gives the results of these studies.