Fabrication of pellicle beam splitters for optical bus application

The optical bus architecture for on-board applications requires a number of optical splitters with precise split ratios to route part of the input signal. Since hollow metal waveguide provides well collimated beams with very small gap loss, it opens the possibility of inserting discrete optical beam splitters (taps). The optical tap requires low excess loss, polarization insensitivity, temperature stability, minimized walk-off of the propagating beam, and cost effective manufacturing. By benefiting from the mature interference coating technology for polarization insensitivity and temperature stability, we design a pellicle beam splitter based on a static microelec tro-mechanical system (MEMS) and develop processes to fabricate pellicle splitters using wafer level bonding of silicon and glass substrates, with subsequent thinning to 20 μm. With the approaches described in this paper, we have demonstrated optical beam splitters with excess loss of less than 0.17 dB that operate at a data rate of 10 Gb/s showing a clean eye diagram while providing controlled split ratio and polarization insensitivity. We have demonstrated a high yielding MEMS based silicon processing platform which has the potential to provide a cost effective manufacturing solution for optical beam splitters.     

Multiple electrokinetic actuators for feedback control of colloidal crystal size

We report a feedback control method to precisely target the number of colloidal particles in quasi-2D ensembles and their subsequent assembly into crystals in a quadrupole electrode. Our approach relies on tracking the number of particles within a quadrupole electrode, which is used in a real-time feedback control algorithm to dynamically actuate competing electrokinetic transport mechanisms. Particles are removed from the quadrupole using DC-field mediated electrophoretic-electroosmotic transport, while high-frequency AC-field mediated dielectrophoretic transport is used to concentrate and assemble colloidal crystals. Our results show successful control of the size of crystals containing 20 to 250 colloidal particles with less than 10% error. Assembled crystals are characterized by their radius of gyration, crystallinity, and number of edge particles, and demonstrate the expected size-dependent properties. Our findings demonstrate successful ensemble feedback control of the assembly of different sized colloidal crystals using multiple actuators, which has broad implications for control over nano- and micro- scale assembly processes involving colloidal components.     

On Nuclear Reaction Rate Theory

A fundamental problem in the theory of cosmological and stellar nucleosynthesis is the determination of reaction rates. The current theories of nuclear kinetics are equilibrium theories with a strict Maxwell-Boltzmannian approach to the evaluation of reaction rates. This paper investigates in some detail the relation between the macroscopic nuclear reaction probability and the microscopic nuclear reaction cross section on the basis of equilibrium-thermodynamic arguments. A general form of the nuclear reaction probability is derived, and the most general collision probability integral is evaluated in closed form for all convenient values of the parameters by using random variables.     

Hypothesis of multisample sphericity

The hypothesis of multisample sphericity appears in different areas such as repeated measurement designs, checking the validity of F ratios in the analysis of variance problems, and testing circularity. This article deals with the modified likelihood ratio test for testing multisample sphericity, null and nonnull moments, as well as the null and nonnull distributions of the test statistic. Some approximations are also considered.Published in Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov Leningradskogo Otdeleniya Matematicheskogo Instituta im. V. A. Steklova AN SSSR, Vol. 136, pp. 153–161, 1984.     

Analytic Representations of Thermonuclear Reaction Rates

The basic physical principles common to all nonresonant and resonant thermonuclear reaction rates are taken as a basis to derive the standard forms of both types of reaction rates. Results are given for the closed-form representations of the standard nonresonant and resonant thermonuclear reaction rates in terms of a certain type of Meijer's G-function. Then, for physical reasons the nonresonant reaction rate with modified Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution is considered. The mathematical method for the derivation of closed-form representations for the modified nonresonant reaction-rate integral, which is also suitable for numerical computations, is given in detail. Some new techniques developed by the authors are used for deriving the results. The reaction-rate systematics thus obtained in terms of Meijer's G-function is a contribution to Fowler's methods for the numerical computation of thermonuclear reaction rates.     

Ferrimetric determination of molybdenum(V) using rhodamine 6G as fluorescent indicator

Summary Molybdenum(V) can be titrated successfully with ferric ammonium sulphate solution in hydrochloric acid medium (2.5 N to 3.0 N) at 98–100° C using Rhodamine 6G as fluorescent indicator. Vanadium(IV) does not interfere in concentrations up to 0.75 mg-equivalents per 30 ml. Uranium (IV) and reduced tungsten are also oxidised and therefore interfere with the determination.

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Zusammenfassung Molybdän(V) kann mit gutem Erfolg mit Eisen(III)-ammonium-sulfatlösung in salzsaurem Medium titriert werden, wenn man Rhodamin 6 G als Fluorescenzindicator benutzt und die Titration bei 98–100° C durchführt. Vanadium(IV) stört nicht in Konzentrationen bis zu 0,75 mg-Äq./30 ml. Uran(IV) und reduziertes Wolfram verursachen Störungen, da sie auch oxydiert werden.

     

A Photochemical redox method for the estimation of thallium(III)

A convenient photochemical redox method for the estimation of thallium(III) by reduction with oxalic acid followed by oxidation of thallium(I) with potassium bromate has been developed. The reduction is carried out in the presence of small concentrations of chloride and bromide as catalysts.     

Thallimetric oxidations-VI Titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods for the determination of phosphite and analysis of binary mixtures of phosphite and oxalate

Titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods have been developed for the estimation of phosphite at mmole and mumole levels, respectively. Thallium(III) is used as an oxidant and the thallium(I) produced is determined either oxidimetrically with potassium bromate or by measurement of the absorbance of thallium(III) at 260 nm in the presence of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and 1 M perchloric acid. Based on the fact that phosphite and oxalate are oxidized under different conditions, methods are described for the analysis of binary mixtures of phosphite and oxalate. A method is also described for estimation of thallium(III) with phosphite as reluctant, and is applied for analysis of mixtures of thallium(I) and thallium(III).