在不同温度下球墨鑄铁的冲击性能

本文描述高温冲击实验的技术,以及由-85℃至1070℃的铸态和锻造后的球墨铸铁的冲击性能。研究结果找到了基体主要为铁素体的球墨铸铁的两个变脆温度范围(-20℃以下和550℃至700℃之间)和一个比较具有韧性的温度范围(850℃与1050℃之间)。在这些温度范围内,曾考查试样的断口情况和断裂时的弯曲角度,并与其基体组织的变化相联系,进行讨论。最后,本文指出研究结果在球墨铸铁的应用上所起的作用,以及在球墨铸铁热加工时对于选择热加工温度的意义。     

Structural investigations of tungsten silver phosphate glasses by solid state NMR, vibrational and X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopies

Glasses were prepared in the pseudo-binary system (1 − x)AgPO₃-xWO₃ (0≤ × ≤ 0.6 mol%). The structural evolution of the vitreous network was studied as a function of composition by thermal analysis, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman scattering, high resolution ³¹P solid state NMR and XANES at the W-L₁ absorption edge. For compositions with x ranging from 0 to 0.5 a pronounced increase in the glass transition temperature is observed, suggesting a significant increase in the glass network connectivity. At the same time Raman spectra indicate that tungsten atoms are linked to non-bridging oxygen atoms (W-O- or W=O bonded species) whereas the ³¹P MAS-NMR spectra indicate the successive formation of new P-O-W linkages. The formation of some anionic tungsten sites (if these are revealed by the presence of W-O terminal bonds) implies an increase in the average degree of polymerization of the phosphate network, which is consistent with the compositional evolution of the ³¹P MAS-NMR spectra at low x values. For higher x-values, the Raman spectra indicate the presence of W-O-W linkages. W-L₁ XANES data indicate that at least 90% of tungsten atoms are octahedrally coordinated.     

A molecular dynamics method for simulations in the canonical ensemble

A molecular dynamics simulation method which can generate configurations belonging to the canonical (T, V, N) ensemble or the constant temperature constant pressure (T, P, N) ensemble, is proposed. The physical system of interest consists of N particles (f degrees of freedom), to which an external, macroscopic variable and its conjugate momentum are added. This device allows the total energy of the physical system to fluctuate. The equilibrium distribution of the energy coincides with the canonical distribution both in momentum and in coordinate space. The method is tested for an atomic fluid (Ar) and works well.     

Enhanced frequency upconversion in Er doped fluoroindate glass due to energy transfer from Tm

Energy transfer processes between Er³⁺ and Tm³⁺ were investigated examining the frequency upconversion emissions in a fluoroindate glass pumped at 790 nm. A 60-fold enhancement in the emission at ≈670 nm originating from Er³⁺ was observed when Tm³⁺ at concentration of 2% was introduced in a sample containing 2% of Er³⁺. The results are explained considering the influence of cross-relaxation processes between the active ions.     

Bacterial cellulose–silica organic–inorganic hybrids

Bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrated membranes present nanometric reticulated structure that can be used as a template in the preparation of new organic–inorganic hybrids. BC–silica hybrids were prepared from BC membranes and tetraethoxysilane, (TEOS) at neutral pH conditions at room temperature. Macroscopically homogeneous membranes were obtained containing up to 66 wt.% of silica spheres, 20–30 nm diameter. Scanning electron micrographs clearly show the silica spheres attached to cellulose microfibrils. By removing the cellulose, the silica spheres can be easily recovered. The new hybrids are stable up to 300 °C and display a broad emission band under UV excitation assigned to oxygen-related defects at the silica particles surface. Emission color can be tuned by changing the excitation wavelength.     

Local order around rare earth ions during the devitrification of oxyfluoride glasses

Erbium L(3)-edge extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) measurements were performed on rare earth doped fluorosilicate and fluoroborate glasses and glass ceramics. The well known nucleating effects of erbium ions for the crystallization of cubic lead fluoride (based on x-ray diffraction measurements) and the fact that the rare earth ions are present in the crystalline phase (as indicated by Er(3+) emission spectra) seem in contradiction with the present EXAFS analysis, which indicates a lack of medium range structural ordering around the Er(3+) ions and suggests that the lead fluoride crystallization does not occur in the nearest neighbor distance of the rare earth ion. Molecular dynamics simulations of the devitrification process of a lead fluoride glass doped with Er(3+) ions were performed, and results indicate that Er(3+) ions lower the devitrification temperature of PbF(2), in good agreement with the experimental results. The genuine role of Er(3+) ions in the devitrification process of PbF(2) has been investigated. Although Er(3+) ions could indeed act as seeds for crystallization, as experiments suggest, molecular dynamics simulation results corroborate the experimental EXAFS observation that the devitrification does not occur at its nearest neighbor distance.     

The shear modulus of the human vocal fold in a transverse direction

The aim of this study was to measure the shear modulus of the vocal fold in a human hemilarynx, such that the data can be related to direction of applied stress and anatomical context. Dynamic spring rate data were collected using a modified linear skin rheometer using human hemilarynges, and converted to estimated shear modulus via application of a simple shear model. The measurement probe was attached to the epithelial layer of the vocal fold cover using suction. A sinusoidal force of 3g was applied to the epithelium, and the resultant displacement logged at a rate of 1kHz. Force measurement accuracy was 20microg and position measurement accuracy was 4microm. The force was applied in a transverse direction at the midmembranous point between the vocal process and the anterior commissure. The shear modulus of the three female vocal folds ranged from 814 to 1232Pa. The shear modulus of the three male vocal folds ranged from 1021 to 1796Pa. These data demonstrate that it is possible to obtain estimates for the shear modulus of the vocal fold while preserving anatomical context. The modulus values reported here are higher than those reported using parallel plate rheometry. This is to be expected as the tissue is attached to surrounding structures, and is under natural tension.     

Structural studies of AgPO3–MoO3 glasses using solid state NMR and vibrational spectroscopies

Vitreous samples (1-x) AgPO₃–x MoO₃ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) were prepared by conventional melt-quenching and characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The structural evolution of the vitreous network was monitored by ³¹P solid state nuclear magnetic resonance and Raman scattering, and assignments were aided by corresponding studies on the model compound AgMoO₂PO₄. The ³¹P MAS-NMR data differentiate between species having two, one, and zero P―O―P linkages (Q⁽²⁾ Q⁽¹⁾, and Q⁽⁰⁾ species), respectively. Interatomic connectivities involving these units are revealed by two-dimensional INADEQUATE data, utilizing the formation of double quantum coherences mediated by indirect ³¹P–³¹P spin–spin interactions via P―O―P linkages. As this method discriminates against isolated P atoms, it also serves as an important spectral editing tool for constraining lineshape fits. ⁹⁵Mo NMR data and Raman spectra suggest that the Mo species are most likely six-coordinate, forming four P―O―Mo linkages and are otherwise invariant with composition, except at MoO₃ contents ≥ 40 mole %, where some Mo―O―Mo bonding and/or clustering is observed.     

Spherically symmetric inhomogeneous dust collapse in higher dimensional space-time and cosmic censorship hypothesis

We consider a collapsing spherically symmetric inhomogeneous dust cloud in higher dimensional space-time. We show that the central singularity of collapse can be a strong curvature or a weak curvature naked singularity depending on the initial density distribution.     

Spectroscopic investigation of a new hybrid glass formed by the interaction between croconate ion and calcium polyphosphate

In this work, a new organic-inorganic hybrid material has been synthesized by the incorporation of croconate ion into a calcium polyphosphate coacervate. The hybrid so obtained was characterized by means of electronic and vibrational spectroscopies. The material is a homogeneous mixture described by a structural model, which includes helical chains of polyphosphate ions, where the calcium ion occupies the internal vacancies of the structure. The croconate ion appears to be occupying the regions outside the polymeric structure, surrounded by several water molecules. The electronic spectrum of the incorporated material shows a broad band peaking at the same wavelength region (363 nm) observed for the aqueous solution of croconate ion, and manifesting the Jahn-Teller effect as evidenced by the doublet structure of the band. The infrared spectrum is widely dominated by the absorption bands of the polyphosphate ion and the appearance of the carbonyl stretching band at ca. 1550 cm(-1) indicates the presence of croconate ion incorporated in the structure. The Raman spectrum of the material shows several vibrational bands related to the oxocarbon moiety; most of them are shifted in comparison with the free ion. These shifts can be understood in terms of strong hydrogen bonding interactions between water molecules and the oxocarbon moiety. The low temperature methodology proposed here can be well used in the preparation of new phosphate glasses containing organic moieties opening the route to an entirely new class of hybrid glasses.