The case for an interval-based representation of linguistic truth

This paper develops an interval-based approach to the concept of linguistic truth. A special-purpose interval logic is defined, and it is argued that, for many applications, this logic provides a potentially useful alternative to the conventional fuzzy logic.The key idea is to interpret the numerical truth value v(p) of a proposition p as a degree of belief in the logical certainty of p, in which case p is regarded as true, for example, if v(p) falls within a certain range, say, the interval [0.7, 1]. This leads to a logic which, although being only a special case of fuzzy logic, appears to be no less linguistically correct and at the same time offers definite advantages in terms of mathematical simplicity and computational speed.It is also shown that this same interval logic can be generalized to a lattice-based logic having the capacity to accommodate propositions p which employ fuzzy predicates of type 2.     

Methods for the isolation and characterization of constituents of natural products XIX. Use of a Celite-sodium borohydride column for reduction of carbonyl compounds at the micro level

A Celite-sodium borohyride column has been used to reduce micromole amounts of a variety of simple carbonyl compounds to the corresponding alcohol in fair to excellent yields. The procedure is relatively rapid and easy involving only the application of a hexane solution of the carbonyl compound to the column and collection of the effluent containing the alcohol. A column constructed in a melting point capillary suitable for the reduction of microgram amounts of carbonyls is also described.     

Semiempirical determination of the atom-surface interaction

We discuss three methods of determining V(z), the lateral average (G = 0 Fourier component) of the atom-surface interaction, from the bound state spectrum found in beam scattering. One method uses the Rydberg-Klein-Rees technique, which yields the width of the potential (i.e., separation of classical turning points) as a function of energy. This method incorporates also the known asymptotic form V ～ ?C₃z^?3, whereC₃ is derived from the polarizability and dielectric function of atom and solid, respectively. The second method uses a hybrid potential, constructed from a Morse potential with shifted zero of energy connected to the asymptotic form,?C₃z^?3, requiring continuity of V and $\text{d}\text{V}\text{d}\text{z}$. The third potential is a Lennard-Jones 3–9 interaction. Results are presented for H and He scattering from LiF and NaF.     

Rare-earth valence-state studies of the series RIn3 and RSn3 derived from quadrupole coupling constants

Time-differential perturbed angular correlation was applied to measure the quadrupole coupling constants of¹¹¹Cd (247 keV) at the In and Sn sites for rare-earth compounds of the series RIn₃ and RSn₃ that have the AuCu₃ structure. Definitive evidence was found for Yb and Eu having lower valence states relative to the assumed value of +3 for the other rare earths. Measurements at liquid helium temperatures and pressures to 18.5 kbar indicate that the room temperature valencies of CeSn₃, YbSn₃, and YbIn₃ have not changed.Work done under the auspices of the US Energy Research and Development Administration     

The electronic structure of non-dilute alloys

Recent developments in the multiple scattering theory of disordered substitutional alloys are reviewed. In view of experimental advances in alloy spectroscopy, the approaches involving the most realistic single particle Hamiltonians are emphasized. Specifically, we focus on the application of the average t-matrix approximation to the muffin tin model of the alloy. It is shown that the electronic structures of α phase CuZn and paramagnetic CuNi alloys can be characterized in terms of their respective complex energy bands. The interpretations of several experiments, bearing on the real as well as the imaginary parts of the complex bands, are discussed.     

Über die Beziehungen zwischen der Galoisgruppe und dem Raum der Anordnungen eines formal-reellen Körpers

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Identification and quantitative analysis of the intermediate phase in a linear high-density polyethylene

The observation of chain conformation and mobility in polyethylene by solid-state ¹³C magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) permits unambiguous identification and quantitative analysis of an intermediate phase. The carbon-carbon bonds in the intermediate phase adopt, on the average, an all-trans conformation and are more mobile than in the crystalline state (room temperature rate of reorientation ≈ 10⁷ Hz). Comparisons of crystallinities by differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle x-ray diffraction, and NMR support the high orientation of the intermediate phase and suggest a lower heat of fusion than for the crystals. Results from ¹³C spin-lattice relaxation and ¹H spin diffusion show that the mass fractions are ≈ 20% and the domain sizes ≈ 36 Å. Both change with crystallization and annealing conditions. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.