Determination of ammonia, ethanol and acetic acid in solution using membrane introduction mass spectrometry

Methods have been developed to allow applications of membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) to monitor solution phase components of fermentation broths using electron ionization. The solutions are transported by flow injection analysis (FIA) through a direct insertion membrane probe, fitted with a silicone membrane in the sheet configuration. Analytes of interest pass through the membrane and are ionized by electron implant ionization. The compounds monitored are ammonia, acetic acid, and ethanol, with ammonia being detected as the monochloramine derivative which is generated at pH 10 upon addition of hypochlorite. Quantitation is achieved using external standard solutions. The dynamic range for the quantification of ammonia is 2-8000 ppm, and for ethanol and acetic acid 10-1000 ppm. This method provides rapid detection of analytes of interest, on-line monitoring capabilities, and the advantage of electron ionization. The introduction of samples into the mass spectrometer is achieved readily and automatically, the response time is a few seconds, and there are no memory effects.     

40Ar/39Ar — Alter eines Basits der Ostantarktis

The⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar technique is an analytical variation of the K–Ar dating method. A known fraction of the³⁹K in a sample is converted to³⁹Ar by irradiation with fast neutrons. In an incremental heating experiment, the argon is released from the sample fractionally by stepwise heating. The result is a series of apparent ages.⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar age spectrum was determined for the sample Oase Vestfold. The minimum of the saddle-shaped age spectrum gives 1.0 billion years.     

Characterization of SiO2 protective coatings on polycarbonate

SiO₂ protective coatings have been deposited on polycarbonate substrates by plasma ion assisted deposition. The influence of ion energy on the water permeability and the surface topography of the coatings was studied by infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. Coatings deposited at sufficiently high ion energies show a barrier effect against moisture uptake and considerably reduced film roughness. Both effects are attributed to an increase of the packing densities of the coatings.     

Hydrazones and new Oximes of 4-Aminobicyclo[2.2.2]octanones and their Antiprotozoal Activities

Summary. 4-Aminobicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-ones and -ols showed activity against the causative organisms of East African sleeping sickness and Malaria tropica. Several imino derivatives of the ketones were more active. Now hydrazono analogues and 3-hydroximino derivatives of the ketones and alcohols were synthesized. The structures of the obtained isomers were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. A single phenylhydrazone exhibited quite good antitrypanosomal activity in the range of already known imino analogues.     

Hydrazones and new Oximes of 4-Aminobicyclo[2.2.2]octanones and their Antiprotozoal Activities

4-Aminobicyclo[2.2.2]octan-2-ones and -ols showed activity against the causative organisms of East African sleeping sickness and Malaria tropica. Several imino derivatives of the ketones were more active. Now hydrazono analogues and 3-hydroximino derivatives of the ketones and alcohols were synthesized. The structures of the obtained isomers were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy. A single phenylhydrazone exhibited quite good antitrypanosomal activity in the range of already known imino analogues.     

Electron Impact Induced Fragmentation of Aromatic Alkoxyimines II [5]. Formation and Transformation of Heterocyclic Radical Cations in the Gas Phasea

 The molecular ion 1 of N-(n-propoxy)benzaldimine I rearranges by an 1,5-H-shift to the δ-distonic ion 2 which subsequently cyclizes to the α-distonic ion 3. Homolytic cleavage of the N–O bond in 3 results in the δ-distonic ion 4 which expels CH₂O leading to the β-distonic ion 5. Ion 5 is also formed from the molecular ions of tetrahydrooxazines II and III and from M^+• of phenylazetidine IVa. In a subsequent step, ion 5 cyclizes to the N-protonated 3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium ion 6. The syntheses of II–IV and their derivatives are described.     

Binucleare Nickel(0)-Komplexe mit „Schlangenliganden”︁ vom 1-Azadientyp: Modellsysteme der oxidativen Kopplung von 1-Azadienen und 1,3-Dienen am Nickel(0)

Binuclear Nickel(0) Complexes with “Snake Ligands” of 1-Azadiene Type: Model Systems of the Oxidative Coupling of 1-Azadienes and 1.3-Dienes at Nickel(0) Synthesis, properties, and reactions of dimeric nickel(0) complexes with special 1-azadiene typ ligands (“snake ligands”) are described. The X-ray analysis of a typical compound (Bis-(bis-cinnamaldehyde-N,N'-propylendiimine)-dinickel(0)) shows that both central atoms have the coordination number 3. The four 1-azadiene groups are coordinated in a different way: unidendate coordination by N-Ni(1) bond and bidendate coordination by N-Ni(1) and olefine-Ni(2) bond. The compound is a good model system for the oxidative coupling reaction of 1-azadienes with 1.3-dienes at 2 nickel(0) centres. IR and electronic spectra show other complexes with this type of ligands to have an analogous coordination sphere.     

Automation und Analytik in der chemischen Industrie

Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von der Definition des Begriffes Automation und der Gegenüberstellung zur Steuerung und Regelung wird die besondere Rolle der Analytik diskutiert, deren mögliche systematische Fehler eine wirksame Automation in der chemischen Industrie behindern können. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Automation in der Chemie die Automation der Meßtechnik erfordert, das ist die Selbstkontrolle und Selbsteichung der Meßwertgeber einschließlich kritischer Datenverwertung. Besonderes Gewicht haben Meßwertgeber, welche gesicherte Konzentrationswerte von für den Prozeß entscheidenden Schlüsselkomponenten liefern. Auf die Bedeutung der Spurenanalytik wird in diesem Zusammenhang verwiesen, ebenso auf eine Kontrolle nach unerwarteten Fremdstoffen oder unerwarteten Konzentrationsspitzen sonst unerheblicher Verunreinigungen.Am Beispiel der Prozeß-Chromatographie (GC) wird gezeigt, daß die Stufe der Automation in der Analytik relativ leicht erreicht wird und Voraussetzung ist für deren breiteren Einsatz als Datenerzeuger von chemisch qualitativ und quantitativ richtigen Werten.

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Summary Automation in chemical industry necessiates automation of analytical chemistry, i.e. self-control, self-adjustment, self-correction of the analytical instruments.Problems relating to automation in analytical chemistry are discussed in detail, as an example process gas-chromatography is considered.

     

Neuere Ergebnisse zur Anwendung der Gras-Chromatographie

Zusammenfassung Es wird über die allgemeine Entwicklung der Gaschromatographie (GC) berichtet, soweit sie deren Anwendung beeinflussen kann. Neuere Ergebnisse zur Trennsäulenherstellung (Trennflüssigkeit, Trägermaterial und Zusätze) und zur Anwendung von Korrekturfaktoren bei der quantitativen GC werden gestreift. Eine neue Säulenkennzahl, die Trennzahl wird zur Diskussion gestellt. Sie ersetzt die Trennstufenzahl beim Vergleich von isotherm und nichtiostherm betriebenen gefüllten Trennsäulen und Trenncapillaren. Der Bericht schließt mit Hinweisen auf die Tief temperatur-GC, die Anwendung hochflüchtiger Trennflüssigkeiten auch bei Bestimmung physikalisch-chemischer Daten und die Ausweitung der GC auf Gebiete der anorganischen Chemie.Auszugsweise vorgetragen zum Arbeitstreffen GC in der Technischen Hoch. schule Karlsruhe, Oktober 1961.