Hardness and slip systems of orthorhombic hen egg-white lysozyme crystals

Hardness and slip systems by an indentation method were investigated on different habit planes of orthorhombic hen egg-white lysozyme (O-HEWL) crystals containing water. A dependence of the hardness on the water-evaporation time exhibits three stages as incubation, transition and saturated ones, as tetragonal (T)-HEWL crystals reported previously. The hardness values of (1 1 0), (0 1 0) and (0 1 1) habit planes of O-HEWL in the incubation stage or wet condition exhibits 6, 8 and 10 MPa, respectively. The hardness depends on indented planes but it is independent of the air-humidity and crystal volumes. These values correspond to the intrinsic hardness for O-HEWL crystals containing water. In the incubation stage, the slip traces are clearly observed around the indentation mark and the corresponding six kinds of slip systems are identified to be {0 1 1}<1 0 0>, {1 1 0}<1 1 0>, {0 1 1}<0 1 1>, {1 1 0}<0 0 1>, {1 0 0}<0 0 1> and {0 1 0}<0 0 1>.     

Molecular Characterization of DNA Double Strand Breaks with Tip‐Enhanced Raman Scattering

DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are deadly lesions that can lead to genetic defects and cell apoptosis. Techniques that directly detect DNA DSBs include scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and fluorescence based approaches. While these techniques can be used to identify DSBs they provide no information on the molecular events occurring at the break. Tip‐enhanced Raman scattering (TERS) can provide molecular information from DNA at the nanoscale and in combination with AFM provides a new way to visualize and characterize the molecular structure of DSBs. DSBs result from cleavage at the 3’‐ and 5’‐bonds of deoxyribose upon exposure to UVC radiation based on the observation of P? O? H and methyl/methylene deformation modes enhanced in the TERS spectra. It is hypothesized that strand fragments are hydrogen‐terminated at the lesion, indicating the action of free radicals during photon exposure.     

Chemoselective Catalytic Conjugate Addition of Alcohols over Amines

A highly chemoselective conjugate addition of alcohols in the presence of amines is described. The cooperative nature of the catalyst enabled chemoselective activation of alcohols over amines, allowing the conjugate addition to soft Lewis basic α,β‐unsaturated nitriles. Divergent transformation of the nitrile functionality highlights the utility of the present catalysis.     

Total Synthesis of (±)‐Gephyrotoxin by Amide‐Selective Reductive Nucleophilic Addition

A chemoselective approach for the total synthesis of (±)‐gephyrotoxin has been developed. The key to success was the utilization of N‐methoxyamides, which enabled the direct coupling of the amide with an aldehyde and selective reductive nucleophilic addition to the amide in the presence of a variety of sensitive and electrophilic functional groups, such as a methyl ester. This chemoselective approach minimized the use of protecting‐group manipulations and redox reactions, which resulted in the most concise and efficient total synthesis of (±)‐gephyrotoxin described to date.     

Synthesis, π‐Face‐Selective Aggregation,and π‐Face Chiral Recognition of Configurationally Stable C3‐Symmetric Propeller‐Chiral Molecules with a π‐Core

The C₃‐symmetric propeller‐chiral compounds (P,P,P)‐ 1 and (M,M,M)‐ 1 with planar π‐cores perpendicular to the C₃‐axis were synthesized in optically pure states. (P,P,P)‐ 1 possesses two distinguishable propeller‐chiral π‐faces with rims of different heights named the (P/L)‐face and (P/H)‐face. Each face is configurationally stable because of the rigid structure of the helicenes contained in the π‐core. (P,P,P)‐ 1 formed dimeric aggregates in organic solutions as indicated by the results of ¹H NMR, CD, and UV/Vis spectroscopy and vapor pressure osmometry analyses. The (P/L)/(P/L) interactions were observed in the solid state by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis, and they were also predominant over the (P/H)/(P/H) and (P/L)/(P/H) interactions in solution, as indicated by the results of ¹H and 2D NMR spectroscopy analyses. The dimerization constant was obtained for a racemic mixture, which showed that the heterochiral (P,P,P)‐ 1 /(M,M,M)‐ 1 interactions were much weaker than the homochiral (P,P,P)‐ 1 /(P,P,P)‐ 1 interactions. The results indicated that the propeller‐chiral (P/L)‐face interacts with the (P/L)‐face more strongly than with the (P/H)‐face, (M/L)‐face, and (M/H)‐face. The study showed the π‐face‐selective aggregation and π‐face chiral recognition of the configurationally stable propeller‐chiral molecules.     

High Diastereoselection of a Dissymmetric Capsule by Chiral Guest Complexation

Encapsulation of chiral guests in the dissymmetric capsule 1?4 BF₄ formed diastereomeric supramolecular complexes G ? 1?4 BF₄ ( G : guest). When chiral guests 2 a – q were encapsulated within the dissymmetric space of the self‐assembled capsule 1?4 BF₄, circular dichroism (CD) was observed at the absorption bands that are characteristic of the π–π* transition of the bipyridine moiety of the capsule, which suggests that the P and M helicities of the capsule are biased by the chiral guest complexation. The P helicity of diastereomeric complex (S)‐ 2 l ? 1?4 BF₄ was determined to be predominant, based on CD exciton coupling theory and DFT calculations. The diastereoselectivity was highly influenced by the ester substituents, such that benzyl ester moieties were good for improving the diastereoselectivity. A diastereomeric excess of 98 % was achieved upon the complexation of 2 j . The relative enthalpic and entropic components for the distereoselectivity were obtained from a van’t Hoff plot. The enthalpic components were linearly correlated with the substituent Hammett parameters (σ_p⁺). The electron‐rich benzyl ester moieties generated donor–acceptor π–π stacking interactions with the bipyridine moiety, which resulted in a significant difference in energy between the predominant and subordinate diastereomeric complexes.     

(Quasi‐)Racemic X‐ray Structures of Glycosylated and Non‐Glycosylated Forms of the Chemokine Ser‐CCL1 Prepared by Total Chemical Synthesis

Our goal was to obtain the X‐ray crystal structure of the glycosylated chemokine Ser‐CCL1. Glycoproteins can be hard to crystallize because of the heterogeneity of the oligosaccharide (glycan) moiety. We used glycosylated Ser‐CCL1 that had been prepared by total chemical synthesis as a homogeneous compound containing an N‐linked asialo biantennary nonasaccharide glycan moiety of defined covalent structure. Facile crystal formation occurred from a quasi‐racemic mixture consisting of glycosylated L ‐protein and non‐glycosylated‐D ‐protein, while no crystals were obtained from the glycosylated L ‐protein alone. The structure was solved at a resolution of 2.6–2.1 Å. However, the glycan moiety was disordered: only the N‐linked GlcNAc sugar was well‐defined in the electron density map. A racemic mixture of the protein enantiomers L ‐Ser‐CCL1 and D ‐Ser‐CCL1 was also crystallized, and the structure of the true racemate was solved at a resolution of 2.7–2.15 Å. Superimposition of the structures of the protein moieties of L ‐Ser‐CCL1 and glycosylated‐L ‐Ser‐CCL1 revealed there was no significant alteration of the protein structure by N‐glycosylation.     

Electrical Network of Single‐Crystalline Metal Oxide Nanoclusters Wired by π‐Molecules

In a mixed‐valence polyoxometalate, electrons are usually delocalized within the cluster anion because of low level of inter‐cluster interaction. Herein, we report the structure and electrical properties of a single crystal in which mixed‐valence polyoxometalates were electrically wired by cationic π‐molecules of tetrathiafulvalene substituted with pyridinium. Electron‐transport characteristics are suggested to represent electron hopping through strong interactions between cluster and cationic π‐molecules.     

Synthesis and Biological Activities of Simplified Analogs of the Natural PKC Ligands,Bryostatin‐1 and Aplysiatoxin

Protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes play central roles in signal transduction on the cell surface and could serve as promising therapeutic targets of intractable diseases like cancer, Alzheimer's disease, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although natural PKC ligands like phorbol esters, ingenol esters, and teleocidins have the potential to become therapeutic leads, most of them are potent tumor promoters in mouse skin. By contrast, bryostatin‐1 (bryo‐1) isolated from marine bryozoan is a potent PKC activator with little tumor‐promoting activity. Numerous investigations have suggested bryo‐1 to be a promising therapeutic candidate for the above intractable diseases. However, there is a supply problem of bryo‐1 both from natural sources and by organic synthesis. Recent approaches on the synthesis of bryo‐1 have focused on its simplification, without decreasing the ability to activate PKC isozymes, to develop new medicinal leads. Another approach is to use the skeleton of natural PKC ligands to develop bryo‐1 surrogates. We have recently identified 10‐methyl‐aplog‐1 ( 26 ), a simplified analog of tumor‐promoting aplysiatoxin (ATX), as a possible therapeutic lead for cancer. This review summarizes recent investigations on the simplification of natural PKC ligands, bryo‐1 and ATX, to develop potential medicinal leads.