A universal blown film apparatus for <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> X-ray measurements

A setup of blown film machine combined with in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction measurements and infrared temperature testing is reported to study the structure evolution of polymers during film blowing. Two homemade auto-lifters are constructed and placed under the blown machine at each end of the beamline platform which move up and down with a speed of 0.05 mm/s bearing the 200 kg weight machine. Therefore, structure development and temperature changes as a function of position on the film bubble can be obtained. The blown film machine is customized to be conveniently installed with precise servo motors and can adjust the processing parameters in a wide range. Meanwhile, the air ring has been redesigned in order to track the structure information of the film bubble immediately after the melt being extruded out from the die exit. Polyethylene (PE) is selected as a model system to verify the feasibility of the apparatus and the in situ experimental techniques. Combining structure information provided by the WAXD and SAXS and the actual temperature obtained from the infrared probe, a full roadmap of structure development during film blowing is constructed and it is helpful to explore the molecular mechanism of structure evolution behind the film blowing processing, which is expected to lead to a better understanding of the physics in polymer processing.     

非经典碳正离子简介

非经典碳正离子作为一种特殊的反应中间体,具有重要的理论和实际研究的意义。本文以碳正离子理论的发展为主线,以历史上非经典碳正离子(特别是降冰片基正离子)之争为中心,简要综述了Winstein、Brown和Olah三人的观点,并结合最新进展进行评述。此外,还对除降冰片基正离子之外的非经典碳正离子进行了适当的讨论。     

富镉离子CdS量子点电化学发光法检测L-半脐氨酸

采用一锅法,通过控制镉硫比合成了表面富镉离子的硫化镉量子点,利用L-半胱氨酸可与量子点表面Cd2+结合,使量子点表面钝化,从而增强其电化学发光信号的性质,实现了对L-半胱氨酸的选择性检测.对合成的量子点进行了表征,优化了检测条件.在优化的条件下,L-半胱氨酸在5.0×10-9~1.0×10-5 mol/L浓度范围内与ECL信号呈良好的线性关系,检出限为1.2×10-9 mol/L(S/N=3).本方法对L-半胱氨酸具有良好的选择性,用于实际样品中L-半胱氨酸的测定,结果令人满意.     

物理化学中功是过程函数的数学推导

利用p-V图解法阐明功是过程函数是课堂教学通用的手段,在此基础上,通过数学推导进一步证明了功作为系统与环境间传递的能量,是与途径有关的过程函数,这对于深入理解过程函数与状态函数的概念及其2者之间的辩证关系具有重要意义。     

镁热还原CO2气体制备介孔石墨烯及其电容特性研究

以CO_2为原料,采用金属镁热还原法,制备出富含介孔结构的石墨烯材料。分别利用X射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜、拉曼光谱和N_2吸附-脱附等测试手段对材料的微观结构进行了表征。通过在镁粉中加入不同质量的MgO,可以实现对石墨烯形貌和孔结构的调控,当MgO/Mg质量比为8∶1时,产物(MRG-8)具有均一的介孔结构(4nm)。并对材料的电化学性能进行了测试,在1mol/L KOH的电解液中,MRG-8具有最高的比电容(171F/g),同时具有非常好的倍率特性,循环测试12000周,比电容保持率为94%。当采用[EMIM][BF4]离子液体作为电解液,以MRG-8为电极材料组装成的对称型超级电容器显示出超高功率密度(175k W/kg),对应的能量密度为28.1Wh/kg。因此,采用此方法制备的介孔石墨烯材料在高功率的超级电容器领域具有潜在的应用前景。     

LF-NMR结合化学模式识别鉴别油脂种类及餐饮废弃油脂

应用主成分分析(Principal component analysis,PCA)和聚类分析法(Cluster analysis,CA)对9种(27个)常见食用植物油及100个餐饮废油的低场核磁共振(Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance,LF-NMR)(T2)弛豫特性数据进行分析。结果表明:在正常食用油种类区分方面,主成分分析的效果较优,9种食用油在主成分分布图上按种类正确分组,边界清晰。而在正常食用油与餐饮废油的区分方面,聚类分析效果较优,引入30个待测样本后,聚类分析(127个样品,欧式距离=5)的正确率为94.49%,分析误判率为5.51%,分组效果良好。LF-NMR结合化学模式识别可实现对油脂种类及餐饮废弃油脂的鉴别。     

脑啡肽的固相合成与LC-MS/MS分离鉴定

多肽在生命过程中扮演着重要的角色,对其生理生化功能的研究与应用,离不开对单一多肽物质的需求,而化学合成法是获取目标多肽的最有效方法之一。对合成产物的分离与鉴定,是优化合成条件,以得到高产率的重要保证。以两种内源性神经肽亮氨酸脑啡肽和甲硫氨酸脑啡肽为模型,利用Fmoc固相多肽合成策略对其进行合成,并建立了HPLC-ESI-MS/MS新方法用于所制备的亮氨酸脑啡肽和甲硫氨酸脑啡肽的分离与结构鉴定。研究结果显示,主要合成产物均为目标多肽,副产物主要包括C端丢失1个氨基酸所形成的四肽,以及由于甲硫氨酸残基氧化而形成的含甲硫氨酸亚砜的多肽。该研究为高效合成含敏感氨基酸的生理活性多肽提供了新信息。     

A Practical High-Energy Cathode for Sodium-Ion Batteries Based on Uniform P2-Na0.7CoO2 Microspheres

Layered metal oxides have attracted increasing attention as cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, the application of such cathode materials is still hindered by their poor rate capability and cycling stability. Here, a facile self-templated strategy is developed to synthesize uniform P2-Na_0.7CoO₂ microspheres. Due to the unique microsphere structure, the contact area of the active material with electrolyte is minimized. As expected, the P2-Na_0.7CoO₂ microspheres exhibit enhanced electrochemical performance for sodium storage in terms of high reversible capacity (125 mAh g⁻¹ at 5 mA g⁻¹), superior rate capability and long cycle life (86 % capacity retention over 300 cycles). Importantly, the synthesis method can be easily extended to synthesize other layered metal oxide (P2-Na_0.7MnO₂ and O3-NaFeO₂) microspheres.     

Evolution of concentration fluctuation during phase separation of polystyrene/poly(vinyl methyl ether) blend in the presence of nanosilica

The influence of nanosilica on the concentration fluctuation of polystyrene/poly (vinyl methyl ether) (PS/PVME) mixtures was investigated during phase separation. The amplitude of concentration fluctuation was quantified by dielectric spectrums based on the idea of Lodge–Mcleish model and the linearized Cahn–Hilliard theory could describe the amplitude evolution of concentration fluctuation at the early stage of phase separation. Hydrophilic nanosilica A200 dispersed in PVME‐rich phase behaved an obvious inhibition effect on the concentration fluctuation of blend matrix, while hydrophobic nanosilica R974 dispersed in PS‐rich phase had little effect on the concentration fluctuation. The kinetics and amplitude evolution of concentration fluctuation during phase separation for PS/PVME/A200 nanocomposites were remarkably restrained due to the surface adsorption of PVME on A200. As the segmental dynamics of PVME and PS in homogeneous matrix was hardly influenced by A200 and R974, the enhanced miscibility and the significantly constrained flow relaxation of PVME chains might contribute to the retarded concentration fluctuation of PS/PVME/A200 nanocomposites. While the weak interaction between R974 and components of blend matrix and little effect of R974 on the molecular dynamics of PS chains may result in the weak retardation of concentration fluctuation for blend matrix. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017 , 55, 1337–1349