Games with Ordered Outcomes

We present a brief review of the most important concepts and results concerning games in which the goal structure is formalized by binary relations called preference relations. The main part of the work is devoted to games with ordered outcomes, i.e., game-theoretic models in which preference relations of players are given by partial orders on the set of outcomes. We discuss both antagonistic games and n-person games with ordered outcomes. Optimal solutions in games with ordered outcomes are strategies of players, situations, or outcomes of the game. In the paper, we consider noncooperative and certain cooperative solutions. Special attention is paid to an extension of the order on the set of probabilistic measures since this question is substantial for constructing the mixed extension of the game with ordered outcomes. The review covers works published from 1953 until now.     

Pyridine•BrF3, the missing link for clean fluorinations of aromatic derivatives

This work demonstrates the unique features of the never used before Py?BrF(3) complex in the field of aromatic organic fluorinations. The main disadvantage of the noncomplexed BrF(3) is the fact that usually, in addition to the desired fluorination, a parallel electrophilic aromatic bromination takes place as well. Use of the Py?BrF(3) complex reduces this electrophilic bromination, which is observed with most reagents based on fluorine and bromine [BrF].     

Conjugated polymers ‐ carbon nanotubes‐based functional materials for organic photovoltaics: a critical review

Conjugated polymers and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are important constituents of modern functional hybrid materials. Their utilization as photoactive layers in organic solar cells requires better understanding of the relation between the structure and composition of the hybrids and their photovoltaic efficiency. While fullerenes‐conjugated polymer hybrids have been intensively studied over the last two decades, far less is known about the linkage between processing conditions, interfacial interactions, self‐assembled structures and functionality in CNT‐conjugated polymers composites. This article reviews some of the studies carried over the last decade and highlights the challenges in both fundamental understanding and technological manipulation of these materials. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Physicochemical foundations and specificity of the practical application of supercritical water oxidation to the destruction of persistent organic pollutants

The theoretical and practical aspects of application of one of the most promising methods for the destruction of persistent organic pollutants, supercritical water oxidation, are discussed. The current state of research in the field of analysis and prediction of the critical parameters of systems with an arbitrary number of components, the behavior of the components in supercritical water-organic pollutant binary systems, and the specificity of supercritical fluids are considered. Various types of phase diagrams of binary systems are examined, and theoretical foundations for calculating the critical physicochemical parameters of multicomponent systems are presented. By the example of hexachlorocyclohexane (Lindane), one of the most toxic pesticides, calculations of the material and heat balance of the oxidation of pesticides with oxygen and hydrogen peroxide are performed. The calculations can be used in designing technological installations for the destruction of pollutants by the supercritical water oxidation.