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41.
Fujiwara MC Amoretti M Bonomi G Bouchta A Bowe PD Carraro C Cesar CL Charlton M Doser M Filippini V Fontana A Funakoshi R Genova P Hangst JS Hayano RS Jørgensen LV Lagomarsino V Landua R Lodi-Rizzini E Marchesotti M Macri M Madsen N Manuzio G Montagna P Riedler P Rotondi A Rouleau G Testera G Variola A van der Werf DP Yamazaki Y;ATHENA Collaboration 《Physical review letters》2004,92(6):065005
We demonstrate three-dimensional imaging of antiprotons in a Penning trap, by reconstructing annihilation vertices from the trajectories of the charged annihilation products. The unique capability of antiparticle imaging has allowed, for the first time, the observation of the spatial distribution of the particle loss in a Penning trap. The radial loss of antiprotons on the trap wall is localized to small spots, strongly breaking the azimuthal symmetry expected for an ideal trap. Our observations have important implications for detection of antihydrogen annihilations. 相似文献
42.
Controllable Growth of Perovskite Films by Room‐Temperature Air Exposure for Efficient Planar Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cells
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Bin Yang Ondrej Dyck Jonathan Poplawsky Jong Keum Sanjib Das Alexander Puretzky Tolga Aytug Pooran C. Joshi Christopher M. Rouleau Gerd Duscher David B. Geohegan Kai Xiao 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2015,54(49):14862-14865
A two‐step solution processing approach has been established to grow void‐free perovskite films for low‐cost high‐performance planar heterojunction photovoltaic devices. A high‐temperature thermal annealing treatment was applied to drive the diffusion of CH3NH3I precursor molecules into a compact PbI2 layer to form perovskite films. However, thermal annealing for extended periods led to degraded device performance owing to the defects generated by decomposition of perovskite into PbI2. A controllable layer‐by‐layer spin‐coating method was used to grow “bilayer” CH3NH3I/PbI2 films, and then drive the interdiffusion between PbI2 and CH3NH3I layers by a simple air exposure at room temperature for making well‐oriented, highly crystalline perovskite films without thermal annealing. This high degree of crystallinity resulted in a carrier diffusion length of ca. 800 nm and a high device efficiency of 15.6 %, which is comparable to values reported for thermally annealed perovskite films. 相似文献
43.
AM Cardoso SM Alexandre CM Barros AJ Correia NM Nibbering 《Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM》1999,13(19):1885-1888
The collision-induced dissociation (CID) of deprotonated arylalkylamines of general formula R(1)C(6)H(4)CHR(2)CH(2)NR(3)(2) (where R(1) = H, OH, F or NO(2); R(2) = H or OH; R(3) = H or CH(3)) generated by negative chemical ionization with H(2)O and D(2)O as ionizing reagents, is discussed. The negative chemical ionization mass spectra show that, in the absence of a hydroxy group in the aromatic ring, deprotonation takes place at the benzylic position whereas the proton is lost from the OH group when present. The nitro compound forms only M(-.) ions. The CID spectra of the deprotonated molecules show that fragmentations are strongly dependent on the structural features of the molecules, namely the presence or absence of substituents in the aromatic ring or aliphatic chain. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
44.
AM Johnston CM Scrimgeour MO Henry LL Handley 《Rapid communications in mass spectrometry : RCM》1999,13(14):1531-1534
The conversion of nitrate (NO(3)(-)) to 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol (Sudan-1) has been examined as a method for natural abundance measurement of delta(15)N of NO(3)(-). The reaction results in dilution of NO(3)(-)-N with only one reagent-derived N and the product is readily concentrated from dilute samples by reverse phase chromatography. There is systematic isotopic fractionation during the reaction, but this can be allowed for by analysing known NO(3)(-) standards along with each sample set. Sudan-1 prepared from surface water samples containing approximately 50 &mgr;g NO(3)(-)-N can be analysed by automated continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry with a precision of 0.2 per thousand (one standard deviation) and the accuracy is not affected by interference from other nitrogenous species in the sample or reagents. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
45.
46.
Mores D Stavitski E Verkleij SP Lombard A Cabiac A Rouleau L Patarin J Simon-Masseron A Weckhuysen BM 《Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP》2011,13(35):15985-15994
A combination of in situ UV-Vis and confocal fluorescence micro-spectroscopy is applied to investigate the influence of an external silicalite-1 shell on the Br?nsted acidity and coke formation process of individual H-ZSM-5 zeolite crystals. Three probe reactions were used: oligomerization of styrene, methanol-to-olefin (MTO) conversion and aromatization of light naphtha (LNA) derivatives. Oligomerization of styrene leads to the formation of optically active carbocationic oligomers. Different styrene substitutions indicate the conversion ability of the catalyst acid core, a preferred alignment of the oligomers within the straight zeolite channels and a Br?nsted acidity gradient throughout the zeolite crystal. Both the MTO conversion and the LNA process lead to limited carbonaceous deposition within the external silicalite-1 layer. This outer shell furthermore prevents the growth of extended coke species at the zeolite external surface. During MTO, the formation of carbonaceous compounds initiates at the center of the H-ZSM-5 zeolite core and expands towards the zeolite exterior. This coke build-up starts with a 420 nm UV-Vis absorption band, assigned to methyl-substituted aromatic carbocations, and a second band around 550 nm, which is indicative of their growth towards larger conjugated systems. Aromatization of linear and branched C5 paraffins causes negligible darkening of the zeolite crystals though it forms fluorescent coke deposits and their precursors within the H-ZSM-5 catalyst. Olefin homologues on the contrary cause pronounced darkening of the zeolite composite. Methyl-branching of these reactants slows down the coke formation rate and produces carbonaceous species that are more restricted in their molecular size. 相似文献
47.
48.
S Rayaprol Krushna Mavani CM Thaker DS Rana Keka Chakravorty SK Paranjape M Ramanadham Nilesh A Kulkarni DG Kuberkar 《Pramana》2002,58(5-6):877-880
A new series of mixed oxide superconductors with the stoichiometric composition La2−x
Dy
x
Ca
y
Ba2Cu4+y
O
z
(x=0.0 − 0.5, y=2x) has been studied for structural and superconductiong properties. Our earlier studies on La2−x
(Y/Er)
x
Ca
y
Ba2Cu4+y
O
z
series, show a strong dependence of T
c on hole concentration (p
sh). In the present work, the results of the analysis of the neutron diffraction measurements at room temprerature on x=0.3 and 0.5 samples are reported. It is interesting to know that Ca substitutes for both La and Ba site with concomitant
displacement of La onto Ba site. Superconductivity studies show that maximum T
c is obtained for x=0.5, y=1.0 sample (T
c ∼ 75 K), for La1.5Dy0.5Ca1Ba2Cu5O
z
(La-2125). 相似文献
49.
50.
Finite element error bounds for a curve shrinking with prescribed normal contact to a fixed boundary
We approximate the evolution of a curve subject to motion bycurvature by linear finite elements. The curve evolves insidea given domain and meets orthogonally. We derive optimal boundsfor the error with respect to the L2- and H1-norms and presentsome computed examples. 相似文献