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61.
Routley–Meyer semantics (RM-semantics) is defined for Gödel 3-valued logic G3 and some logics related to it among which a paraconsistent one differing only from G3 in the interpretation of negation is to be remarked. The logics are defined in the Hilbert-style way and also by means of proof-theoretical and semantical consequence relations. The RM-semantics is defined upon the models for Routley and Meyer’s basic positive logic B+, the weakest positive RM-semantics. In this way, it is to be expected that the models defined can be adapted to other related many-valued logics.  相似文献   
62.
Summary: Water-soluble poly[3-(dimethylamino)propylacrylate] is synthesized by radical polymerization with a yield of 87%. The polymer structure is confirmed by FT-IR and 1H-NMR spectroscopies. The polymer lost only 3% of weight up to 100 °C. The narrowest molecular weight distribution is observed with the fraction between 3,000 and 10,000 Da. P(DAPA) presents a high affinity for the metal ions Pb2+ and Cu2+, while the other metal ions are not significantly retained. By increasing the filtration factor, Z, metal ion affinity decreases, indicating a very weak ligand-metal interaction and the possibility of its destruction when washed with water at the filtration cell's pH. For Z = 10, the retention values of Pb2+ and Cu2+ at pH 5 are 76.5% and 48.5%, respectively, while the values for Cu2+ and Cd2+ at pH 7 are 89.5% and 40.4%, respectively.  相似文献   
63.
Five pulping methods using different reagents were used for the delignification of almond shells: sodium hydroxide 7.5 % v/v for 24 h at 60 °C, potassium hydroxide 7.5 % v/v for 24 h at 60 °C, formic acid/water 90/10 v/v, organosolv with ethanol/water 60/40 v/v and sodium hydroxide 15 % v/v in an autoclave for 90 min at 120 °C. The resulting cellulose pulps were evaluated using TAPPI standard methods and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to determine the lignin content and crystallinity changes. After pulping, fibers were bleached with sodium chlorite and hydrogen peroxide to obtain pure cellulose. The resulting pulps were characterized by XRD and thermogravimetry to determine the cellulose purification rates and changes in crystallinity. Then, the different pulps were acetylated, hydrolyzed and homogenized to obtain cellulose nanofibers. Nanofiber sizes were assessed by atomic force microscopy and XRD to evaluate the effect of hydrolysis on nanofibers. Finally, nanopaper sheets were produced and the properties were compared to conventional micropaper. The different treatments influenced the amount of lignin eliminated, which had a direct relationship on the subsequent bleaching treatments to obtain pure cellulose. Hence, the different chemical methods influenced the crystallinity of the fibers which also influenced the yield of cellulose nanofibers and different nanopapers.  相似文献   
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The simultaneous determination of 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid (6MNA) and diflunisal in serum samples using the combination of matrix isopotential synchronous fluorescence (MISF) and first derivative technique is proposed. 6MNA and diflunisal exhibit overlapped spectra and serum produces background fluorescence that precludes the direct determination of these anti-inflammatory drugs by conventional fluorimetry. This method provides good analytical results for determination of compounds in samples with unknown background fluorescence. The method was applied for the simultaneous determination of 6MNA and diflunisal in serum samples at concentrations between 20-200 and 100-1000 ng mL−1, respectively, by means of absolute values of first derivative of synchronous scan at 247.9/364.0 and 262.6/392.4 nm for 6MNA and diflunisal, respectively. In order to obtain maximum sensitivity and adequate selectivity, factors affecting fluorescence intensity were studied. As a result, the analyses were performed in water at a pH of 7.2, adjusted by using sodium dihydrogen phosphate/hydrogen phosphate (0.1 M) as a buffer solution. Serum samples were diluted 200 times. Analytical parameters of the proposed method were calculated according to the error propagation theory. The limit of detection calculated according to Clayton was 15.8 and 63.0 ng mL−1 for 6MNA and diflunisal, respectively. The sensitivity, repeatability and reproducibility achieved with the proposed method were adequate for the determination of these anti-inflammatory agents in serum samples.  相似文献   
67.
A direct method for the simultaneous fluorimetric determination of two anti-inflammatory drugs in serum is proposed. The combination of matrix isopotential synchronous fluorescence (MISF) and first derivative technique provides good analytical results and permits the simultaneous determination of diflunisal and salicylic acid in human serum. MISF spectra are obtained by calculating the isopotential trajectory in the three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum for a serum solution. In the spectral contour, the trajectory is taken to be the portion of the line that passes by the fluorescence maxima of both compounds ensuring a sensitivity level similar to that of a direct determination in absence of background fluorescence. Analysis was carried out in water using a pH of 7.2 provides by 0.1 M sodium dihydrogen phosphate buffer. Serum samples are diluted 100 times and provide linear calibration plots at diflunisal and salicylic acid concentrations up to 800 ng mL−1. The goodness of the analytical signal was checked by using variance analysis. Signals recorded throughout the calibration range were subjected to three calibrations per each analyte, both in the absence and in the presence of variable amounts of the other analyte. Differences between individual calibrations and slopes were compared with those within individual calibrations. Based on the results, diflunisal and salicylic acid can be accurately quantified in the presence of each other. The limit of detection calculated according to Clayton who uses error propagation throughout the calibration curve and a non-centralized security factor was 36.8 and 37.3 ng mL−1 for diflunisal and salicylic acid, respectively.  相似文献   
68.
Organic electrode materials could revolutionize batteries because of their high energy densities, the use of Earth-abundant elements, and structural diversity which allows fine-tuning of electrochemical properties. However, small organic molecules and intermediates formed during their redox cycling in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have high solubility in organic electrolytes, leading to rapid decay of cycling performance. We report the use of three cyclotetrabenzil octaketone macrocycles as cathode materials for LIBs. The rigid and insoluble naphthalene-based cyclotetrabenzil reversibly accepts eight electrons in a two-step process with a specific capacity of 279 mAh g−1 and a stable cycling performance with ≈65 % capacity retention after 135 cycles. DFT calculations indicate that its reduction increases both ring strain and ring rigidity, as demonstrated by computed high distortion energies, repulsive regions in NCI plots, and close [C⋅⋅⋅C] contacts between the naphthalenes. This work highlights the importance of shape-persistency and ring strain in the design of redox-active macrocycles that maintain very low solubility in various redox states.  相似文献   
69.
A fundamental component for success in drug discovery is the ability to assemble and screen compounds that encompass a broad swath of biologically relevant chemical‐diversity space. Achieving this goal in a natural‐products‐based setting requires access to a wide range of biologically diverse specimens. For this reason, we introduced a crowdsourcing program in which citizen scientists furnish soil samples from which new microbial isolates are procured. Illustrating the strength of this approach, we obtained a unique fungal metabolite, maximiscin, from a crowdsourced Alaskan soil sample. Maximiscin, which exhibits a putative combination of polyketide synthase (PKS), non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), and shikimate pathway components, was identified as an inhibitor of UACC‐62 melanoma cells (LC50=0.93 μM ). The metabolite also exhibited efficacy in a xenograft mouse model. These results underscore the value of building cooperative relationships between research teams and citizen scientists to enrich drug discovery efforts.  相似文献   
70.
The ursolic acid (UA) increases the skin’s barrier function and acts in epidermal differentiation of keratinocytes in the epidermis, promoting cell renewal. Besides the mentioned properties UA also has antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-irritant functions to cosmetic formulations. Thus, it is necessary formulation studies to insure the development of quality cosmetic products containing this active, increasing its antioxidant potential within nanoparticles. This study aims to characterize and evaluate the thermal behavior of UA in free and nanostructured forms, and both incorporated into a cosmetic base formulation, using thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. Through the study were observed that free UA, in the embedded nanoparticles and in base formulation exhibited different behavior in similar thermal profile and relative to the presence of UA. The UA remained stable to a temperature of 250 °C and the technique has been shown to be effective for characterizing UA, evaluate water content, and stability of the formulation base.  相似文献   
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