全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4709篇 |
免费 | 115篇 |
国内免费 | 22篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 3105篇 |
晶体学 | 20篇 |
力学 | 141篇 |
数学 | 656篇 |
物理学 | 924篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 29篇 |
2022年 | 100篇 |
2021年 | 119篇 |
2020年 | 70篇 |
2019年 | 90篇 |
2018年 | 62篇 |
2017年 | 71篇 |
2016年 | 187篇 |
2015年 | 106篇 |
2014年 | 152篇 |
2013年 | 255篇 |
2012年 | 296篇 |
2011年 | 335篇 |
2010年 | 203篇 |
2009年 | 204篇 |
2008年 | 289篇 |
2007年 | 300篇 |
2006年 | 244篇 |
2005年 | 258篇 |
2004年 | 220篇 |
2003年 | 188篇 |
2002年 | 162篇 |
2001年 | 54篇 |
2000年 | 59篇 |
1999年 | 48篇 |
1998年 | 41篇 |
1997年 | 44篇 |
1996年 | 66篇 |
1995年 | 53篇 |
1994年 | 52篇 |
1993年 | 33篇 |
1992年 | 21篇 |
1991年 | 28篇 |
1990年 | 30篇 |
1989年 | 35篇 |
1988年 | 23篇 |
1987年 | 22篇 |
1986年 | 18篇 |
1985年 | 27篇 |
1984年 | 39篇 |
1983年 | 18篇 |
1982年 | 24篇 |
1981年 | 31篇 |
1980年 | 23篇 |
1979年 | 19篇 |
1978年 | 19篇 |
1977年 | 12篇 |
1975年 | 13篇 |
1974年 | 7篇 |
1970年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有4846条查询结果,搜索用时 0 毫秒
21.
Valentina Noemi Madia Walter Toscanelli Daniela De Vita Marta De Angelis Antonella Messore Davide Ialongo Luigi Scipione Valeria Tudino Felicia Diodata DAuria Roberto Di Santo Stefania Garzoli Annarita Stringaro Marisa Colone Magda Marchetti Fabiana Superti Lucia Nencioni Roberta Costi 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(12)
Influenza viruses are transmitted from human to human via airborne droplets and can be transferred through contaminated environmental surfaces. Some works have demonstrated the efficacy of essential oils (EOs) as antimicrobial and antiviral agents, but most of them examined the liquid phases, which are generally toxic for oral applications. In our study, we describe the antiviral activity of Citrus bergamia, Melaleuca alternifolia, Illicium verum and Eucalyptus globulus vapor EOs against influenza virus type A. In the vapor phase, C. bergamia and M. alternifolia strongly reduced viral cytopathic effect without exerting any cytotoxicity. The E. globulus vapor EO reduced viral infection by 78% with no cytotoxicity, while I. verum was not effective. Furthermore, we characterized the EOs and their vapor phase by the head-space gas chromatography–mass spectrometry technique, observing that the major component found in each liquid EO is the same one of the corresponding vapor phases, with the exception of M. alternifolia. To deepen the mechanism of action, the morphological integrity of virus particles was checked by negative staining transmission electron microscopy, showing that they interfere with the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope, leading to the decomposition of membranes. We speculated that the most abundant components of the vapor EOs might directly interfere with influenza virus envelope structures or mask viral structures important for early steps of viral infection. 相似文献
22.
Robson Araújo de Freitas Junior Paloma Kênia de Moraes Berenguel Lossavaro Cndida Aparecida Leite Kassuya Edgar Julian Paredes-Gamero Nelson Carvalho Farias Júnior Maria Inês Lenz Souza Francielli Maria de Souza Silva-Comar Roberto Kenji Nakamura Cuman Denise Brentan Silva Mnica Cristina Toffoli-Kadri Saulo Euclides Silva-Filho 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(12)
The aim of this study is to evaluate the phytochemical profile, oral acute toxicity, and the effect of ylang-ylang (Cananga odorata Hook. F. & Thomson) essential oil (YEO) on acute inflammation. YEO was analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. For in vitro tests, YEO was assessed using cytotoxicity, neutrophil chemotaxis induced by N-formyl methionyl leucyl phenylalanine (fMLP), and phagocytic activity tests. YEO was orally administered in zymosan-induced peritonitis, carrageenan-induced leukocyte rolling, and adhesion events in the in situ microcirculation model and in carrageenan-induced paw edema models. YEO (2000 mg/kg) was also tested using an acute toxicity test in Swiss mice. YEO showed a predominance of benzyl acetate, linalool, benzyl benzoate, and methyl benzoate. YEO did not present in vitro cytotoxicity. YEO reduced the in vitro neutrophil chemotaxis induced by fMLP and reduced the phagocytic activity. The oral treatment with YEO reduced the leukocyte recruitment and nitric oxide production in the zymosan-induced peritonitis model, reduced rolling and adherent leukocyte number induced by carrageenan in the in situ microcirculation model, and reduced carrageenan-induced edema and mechanical hyperalgesia. YEO did not present signs of toxicity in the acute toxicity test. In conclusion, YEO affected the leukocyte activation, and presented antiedematogenic, anti-hyperalgesic, and anti-inflammatory properties. 相似文献
23.
Roberto del Río-Rodríguez Lorena Fragoso-Jarillo Alberto F. Garrido-Castro M. Carmen Maestro Jose A. Fernndez-Salas Jos Alemn 《Chemical science》2022,13(22):6512
Herein, we report, a general, facile and environmentally friendly Minisci-type alkylation of N-heteroarenes under simple and straightforward electrochemical conditions using widely available alkyl halides as radical precursors. Primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl radicals have been shown to be efficiently generated and coupled with a large variety of N-heteroarenes. The method presents a very high functional group tolerance, including various heterocyclic-based natural products, which highlights the robustness of the methodology. This applicability has been further proved in the synthesis of various interesting biologically valuable building blocks. In addition, we have proposed a mechanism based on different proofs and pieces of electrochemical evidence.Herein, we report, a general, facile and environmentally friendly Minisci-type alkylation of N-heteroarenes under simple and straightforward electrochemical conditions using widely available alkyl halides as radical precursors. 相似文献
24.
Pier G. Desideri Luciano Lepri Roberto Udisti Leonardo Checchini Massimo Del Bubba Renato Cini 《International journal of environmental analytical chemistry》2013,93(3-4):331-351
Abstract Organic compounds extractable with n-hexane were identified and quantitatively determined in pack, surface and deep snow samples taken at different depths and collected at several altitudes above sea level from Antarctica during the 1993/94 Italian expedition. The comparison between the composition of organic compounds in snow and the ones in pack and sea-water samples pointed out that the three matrices substantially contain the same biogenic and anthropogenic organic compounds. The contribution of marine aerosol to organic content in the snow is confirmed by the enrichment ratios calculated for the more representative classes of identified compounds (n-alkanes, phthalates and low molecular weight alkylbenzenes). The changes in the composition of organic compounds in snow as the altitude increases seem to depend on the dimensional spectrum of the aerosol. Thus, smallest particles, richest in surfactant material, reach the highest altitudes. 相似文献
25.
Carolina Resmini Melo Elidio Angioletto Humberto Gracher Riella Michael Peterson Márcio Roberto Rocha Aline Resmini Melo Luciano Silva Susane Strugale 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2012,109(3):1341-1345
Research focused on the transformation and utilization of industrial wastes into products of commercial interest plays an increasingly important role. Residual pulp can become useful in the manufacture of different materials, providing high value to this waste and reducing its environmental impact when disposed of improperly in the environment. The main constituents of this waste are kaolin and calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Starting from kaolin, metakaolin can be produced by calcination of the residue at 630?°C for 2?h in a rotary reactor with air flow, followed by solubilization with hydrochloric acid to remove the CaCO3. The development of technological alternatives aimed at the reuse of certain wastes can result in applications of real economic interest to the chemical industry and ceramics and glass, which is the case in this study. The raw material and metakaolin obtained were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis and derivative thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy with promising results. This is because metakaolin was obtained free of contamination by other materials. 相似文献
26.
Detlev Buchholz Sergio Doplicher Roberto Longo John E. Roberts 《Communications in Mathematical Physics》1993,155(1):123-134
We characterize the automorphisms of aC
*-algebra which extend to automorphisms of the crossed product by a compact group dual. The case where the inclusion is equipped with a group of automorphisms commuting with the dual action is also treated. These results are applied to the analysis of broken gauge symmetries in Quantum Field Theory to draw conclusions on the structure of the degenerate vacua on the field algebra.Dedicated to Huzihiro ArakiResearch supported by MURST and CNR, GNAFA 相似文献
27.
Lucifer yellow and lissamine rhodamine sulfonyl hydrazine were used as the donor and the receptor, respectively, for Förster energy transfer measurements to determine the location of the subunit in the native Na,K-ATPase from pig kidney. It was found that (1) the subunits are located in one functional complex, i.e., the dimer ()2 appears to be the functional complex of Na,K-ATPase, and (2) the subunits in the functional enzyme complex in the membrane are not located next to each other but are rather well separated. The distance between fluorophores covalently attached to the subunits was found to be 5.3 nm. 相似文献
28.
André Luiz Tessaro Vagner Roberto Batistela Augusto César Gracetto Hueder Paulo Moisés de Oliveira Rosana Lazara Sernaglia Vagner Roberto de Souza Wilker Caetano Noboru Hioka 《Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry》2011,24(2):155-161
Benzoporphyrin monoacid derivatives, here named B3A and B3B, are promising new drugs for photodynamic therapy. Although both isomers show interesting characteristics as photosensitizing compounds, they have some distinct physicochemical properties such as the tendency to self‐aggregate in water‐rich media. Because pH drives the presence of each species, the pKa of these compounds assumes strategic importance. However, traditional micro‐titration methods and UV–Vis absorption techniques fail to give reliable pKa values due to the characteristics of this highly complex system, such as the precipitation of hydrophobic species, close pKa values, and high absorption band superposition. In the present work, chemometric tools are employed to evaluate pKa, and the kinetic tendency of monomers to undergo self‐aggregation is investigated. In solvent mixtures at low water percentage in ethanol, both B3A and B3B are stabilized in a monomeric state. However, in mixtures with a high water content, self‐aggregation takes place, mainly under a mild pH acid condition (3 < pH < 6), in which the prevalent protolytic species of both isomers is the neutral charged form, compounds with carboxylic and porphyrin free‐base groups. It is demonstrated that both isomers can undergo aggregation following a self‐catalytic mechanism, which is 2000 times slower to B3A than B3B. For B3A, the aggregation is manifested by a decrease in the monomer band with the aggregation band probably superposed to that of the monomer. For B3B, together with the decrease in the monomer band, a new band related to self‐aggregates is observed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
29.
30.
Roberto FloreaniniLuc Vinet 《Physics letters. A》1993,180(6):393-401
Certain automorphisms of the quantum oscillator algebra are shown to provide an algebraic interpretation for q-generalizations of the Charlier polynomials. 相似文献