Nonlinear wave motion in magnetoelasticity

Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis -     

Surface deformation measurements of a cylindrical specimen by digital image correlation

Planar digital image correlation has been extended to measure surface deformations of cylindrical specimens without physical contact for high-temperature situations. A single CCD camera acquires the surface image patterns of a section of a specimen in the undeformed and deformed states to determine two-dimensional displacements on a projection plane. Axial, circumferential and shear deformations are determined through curvature transformation on the two-dimensional projection displacement field. The resolution of this technique was determined for a cylinder of 22.23-mm diameter to be 3.5 μm for the axial displacement, 0.05 percent for the axial and shear strains and 0.08 percent for the circumferential strain when correlation computations are carried out over a field of 5 mm×5 mm.     

Natural convection in rectangular enclosures with partial heating and cooling

The flow and heat transfer in partially heated and partially cooled cavities were numerically analyzed. Using the control volume approach, a computer program based on SIMPLE algorithm was developed. A square enclosure with variable size heater and cooler on the vertical walls was considered. Computations were carried out to investigate the effects of heater and cooler size on the heat transfer rate. It was observed that for a given cooler size, the mean Nusselt number decreases with increasing heater size. On the other hand, for a given heater size, the mean Nusselt number increases with increasing cooler size. For all Rayleigh numbers considered, the same behavior was observed.

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Natürliche Konvektion in geschlossenen Räumen mit partieller Heizung und Kühlung der Wände

Zusammenfassung Es wurde ein numerisches Modell zur Analyse des Strömungs- und Wärmeübergangsverhaltens in teilweise beheizten und gekühlten Hohlräumen entwickelt und unter Verwendung des Kontrollvolumenprinzips und des Algorithmus SIMPLE als Computer-Programm formuliert. Der Hohlraum ist rechteckig und die variablen Heiz- und Kühlflächen befinden sich auf gegenüberliegenden Vertikalseiten. Hauptziel der Berechnungen war es, den Einfluß der variablen Heiz- und Kühlflächen auf den Wärmeübergang zu ermitteln. Für eine bestimmte Kühlergröße zeigte sich eine Abnahme der gemittelten Nußelt-Zahl mit zunehmender Heizfläche. Andererseits — bei gegebener Heizfläche — stieg die Nußelt-Zahl mit der Kühlfläche an. Dieses Verhalten wurde bei allen untersuchten Rayleighzahlen gefunden.

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Nomenclature g gravitational acceleration - H height of cavity - k thermal conductivity of fluid - l _C cooler size - l _H heater size - mean Nusselt number - Nu _y local Nusselt number - P pressure - Pr Prandtl number - Ra Rayleigh number (Ra = gH ³(T _H –T _C)/()) - T temperature - T _C temperature of cold surface - T _H temperature of hot surface - T _R reference temperature (T _R = (T _C +T _H)/2) - u velocity component inx-direction - x horizontal axis - v velocity component iny-direction - y vertical axis Greek symbols thermal diffusivity - thermal expansion coefficient - density of fluid - stream function - kinematic viscosity     

Microprojectile velocities in a gas driven launcher

Microprojectile methods of genetic engineering sometimes employ a macroprojectile which launches the microprojectiles when it hits a stopping plate. A study has been made of the relationship between the velocities of the macroprojectile and the microprojectile it launches. Macroprojectile velocities were measured using a beam blanking method and the microprojectile velocities were measured with a laser Doppler anemometer. Particles of tungsten, titanium dioxide and silicon carbide were investigated as microprojectiles. The microprojectile velocity was found to depend not only on the macroprojectile velocity but also on the microprojectile size and material, the bond strength with the macroprojectile and the gas flow that develops ahead of the macroprojectile. On average the microprojectile launch velocity was similar to the macroprojectile velocity. However, some tungsten particles had velocities twice this value. Experimental evidence suggests that these higher velocities were caused by early break-way of particles from the macroprojectile followed by further acceleration by aerodynamic drag arising from the gas flow ahead of the macroprojectile.We are especially grateful for the advice of Dr. M. Gharib on the use of the HSI color system. John Lyons provided expert help in the laboratory and materials for and advice on photography. We thank the staff of the SIO Hydraulics Laboratory for making the wind-wave channel available for our use, and the staff of UCSD library for enabling us to use the Barneyscanner photometer-digitizer. We thank an anonymous reviewer who pointed out a numerical error and improved the clarity of the text.     

Assessment of a quintuple hotwire measurement technique for highly turbulent flows

A five-wire calibration and measurement technique is presented, which is an extension of the four-wire method developed by Döbbeling et al. (1990a, b). From numerical simulations of the uniqueness domain and the angular resolution it is concluded that the uniqueness domain of the quintuple technique can be expanded to a hemisphere as opposed to the four-wire techniques which are restricted to a conical domain of about 40° half angle. Measurements of the mean velocities and Reynolds stresses in a low-turbulence jet and in grid turbulence confirm and complement the results of the numerical simulations. It is thus shown that the quintuple method achieves increased accuracy in an expanded measurement range.The work of D. Hölzer, student of engineering at the University of Karlsruhe, and the support of W. Paulat and W. Pfeffinger in writing the data aquisition software, and H. Klette who manufactured the probe, is gratefully acknowledged. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft within the framework of the Sonderforschungsbereich 167, Hochbelastete Brennräume- Stationäre Gleichdruckverbrennung, Teilprojekt A10.     

Design and stress evaluation of a nonsymmetric pressure vessel

Presently, the large variation in demand for electrical power at different periods of the day imposes new considerations in the evaluation of pressure components in large steam-generating equipment. In the past, pressure components such as valve bodies have been designed for static pressure conditions against bursting with sufficient stiffness to assure operation ability. In today's plant operation, the response of the valve body to thermal transients will have a major influence on the life of the valve. Since the valve body is a compact nonsymmetric body, the direct calculation of stresses is very complex. The evaluation of the behavior of nonsymmetric pressure components under the loads imposed by various operational modes requires information from both analytical and experimental methods of analysis. The contributions from modern computer-calculation programs and three-dimensional photoelasticity are discussed as applied to the evaluation of a valve body used in a large, supercritical steam generator. In the analysis, computer procedures are used to develop the preliminary geometry for pressure loading. Because of the close proximity of the nonsymmetrical openings, a three-dimensional photoelastic analysis is used to calibrate the computer model. Once a satisfactory computer model has been developed for pressure loading, it is used to calculate the thermal stresses. Since stresses have little meaning in themselves, a design basis is necessary to evaluate the significance of the calculated stresses. The design basis must consider the types of failures which are possible and is thus dependent on the temperature at which the valve must operate. A design basis is discussed for the evaluation of pressure components in a boiler system.