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31.
It is shown that the recent observations of NASA's Explorer mission, "Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe," hint that our Universe may possess a nontrivial topology. As an example we discuss the Picard space which is stretched out into an infinitely long horn but with finite volume. 相似文献
32.
Rainer Koch Ralf Becker 《Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer》2004,84(4):423-435
After reviewing the presently available quadrature schemes for the discrete ordinates method, the accuracy of different schemes is analyzed and evaluated. It is shown from a comprehensive error analysis that the moment conditions have to satisfied not only for the principal coordinates directions, as it is mostly carried out, but for any arbitrary test direction. Among the schemes with approximately 50 discrete ordinates the DCT-020-2468 quadrature was found to give the best accuracy. The highest accuracy among all schemes is achieved by the LC-11 quadrature which requires 96 discrete ordinates. This scheme is rarely used up to date and deserves more attention for high accuracy predictions. 相似文献
33.
34.
Harald Hagendorfer Christiane Lorenz Ralf Kaegi Brian Sinnet Robert Gehrig Natalie V. Goetz Martin Scheringer Christian Ludwig Andrea Ulrich 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2010,12(7):2481-2494
This study describes methods developed for reliable quantification of size- and element-specific release of engineered nanoparticles
(ENP) from consumer spray products. A modified glove box setup was designed to allow controlled spray experiments in a particle-minimized
environment. Time dependence of the particle size distribution in a size range of 10–500 nm and ENP release rates were studied
using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). In parallel, the aerosol was transferred to a size-calibrated electrostatic
TEM sampler. The deposited particles were investigated using electron microscopy techniques in combination with image processing
software. This approach enables the chemical and morphological characterization as well as quantification of released nanoparticles
from a spray product. The differentiation of solid ENP from the released nano-sized droplets was achieved by applying a thermo-desorbing
unit. After optimization, the setup was applied to investigate different spray situations using both pump and gas propellant
spray dispensers for a commercially available water-based nano-silver spray. The pump spray situation showed no measurable
nanoparticle release, whereas in the case of the gas spray, a significant release was observed. From the results it can be
assumed that the homogeneously distributed ENP from the original dispersion grow in size and change morphology during and
after the spray process but still exist as nanometer particles of size <100 nm. Furthermore, it seems that the release of
ENP correlates with the generated aerosol droplet size distribution produced by the spray vessel type used. This is the first
study presenting results concerning the release of ENP from spray products. 相似文献
35.
We study the pattern formation in a lattice of locally coupled phase oscillators with quenched disorder. In the synchronized regime quasiregular concentric waves can arise which are induced by the disorder of the system. Maximal regularity is found at the edge of the synchronization regime. The emergence of the concentric waves is related to the symmetry breaking of the interaction function. An explanation of the numerically observed phenomena is given in a one-dimensional chain of coupled phase oscillators. Scaling properties, describing the target patterns are obtained. 相似文献
36.
Gibaek Lee Stefan L. Schweizer Ralf B. Wehrspohn 《Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing》2014,117(3):973-979
The lithiation and delithiation process of silicon nanowire arrays (SiNWs) on silicon substrates has been studied with high-resolution electron microscopy. The composition of lithiated SiNWs was revealed, consisting of the unreacted crystalline silicon core and the reacted amorphous Li–Si shell. In particular, the Li–Si shell was comprised of a mixture of amorphous silicon oxide and crystalline silicon, leading to hindrance during Li–Si alloying/dealloying upon cycling. 相似文献
37.
Ralf Seemann Jean-Baptiste Fleury Corinna C. Maass 《The European physical journal. Special topics》2016,225(11-12):2227-2240
Self-propelled droplets are a special kind of self-propelled matter that are easily fabricated by standard microfluidic tools and locomote for a certain time without external sources of energy. The typical driving mechanism is a Marangoni flow due to gradients in the interfacial energy on the droplet interface. In this article we review the hydrodynamic prerequisites for self-sustained locomotion and present two examples to realize those conditions for emulsion droplets, i.e. droplets stabilized by a surfactant layer in a surrounding immiscible liquid. One possibility to achieve self-propelled motion relies on chemical reactions affecting the surface active properties of the surfactant molecules. The other relies on micellar solubilization of the droplet phase into the surrounding liquid phase. Remarkable cruising ranges can be achieved in both cases and the relative insensitivity to their own ‘exhausts’ allows to additionally study collective phenomena. 相似文献
38.
Mike Friedrich Revaz Nozadze Sandra de Keijzer Ralf Steinmeyer Vladimir Ermolayev Gregory S. Harms 《Journal of fluorescence》2018,28(1):29-39
Single molecule detection and tracking provides at times the only possible method to observe the interactions of low numbers of biomolecules, inlcuding DNA, receptors and signal mediating proteins in living systems. However, most existing imaging methods do not enable both high sensitivity and non-invasive imaging of large specimens. In this study we report a new setup for selective plane illumination microscopy (SPIM), which enables fast imaging and single molecule tracking with the resolution of confocal microscopy and the optical penetration beyond 300 μm. We detect and report our instrumental figures of merit, control values of fluorescence properties of single nano crystals in comparison to both standard widefield configurations, and also values of nanocrystals in multicellular “fruiting bodies” of Dictyostelium, an excellent control as a model developmental system. In the Dictyostelium , we also report some of our first tracking of single nanocrystals with SPIM. The new SPIM setup represents a new technique, which enables fast single molecule imaging and tracking in living systems. 相似文献
39.
We study electron-positron pair creation from the Dirac vacuum induced by a strong and slowly varying electric field (Schwinger effect) which is superimposed by a weak and rapidly changing electromagnetic field (dynamical pair creation). In the subcritical regime where both mechanisms separately are strongly suppressed, their combined impact yields a pair creation rate which is dramatically enhanced. Intuitively speaking, the strong electric field lowers the threshold for dynamical particle creation--or, alternatively, the fast electromagnetic field generates additional seeds for the Schwinger mechanism. These findings could be relevant for planned ultrahigh intensity lasers. 相似文献
40.
Nanotextured multicrystalline Al‐BSF solar cells reaching 18% conversion efficiency using industrially viable solar cell processes 下载免费PDF全文
Bishal Kafle Abdul Mannan Timo Freund Laurent Clochard Edward Duffy Marc Hofmann Jochen Rentsch Ralf Preu 《固体物理学:研究快报》2015,9(8):448-452
We report recent achievements in adapting industrially used solar cell processes on nanotextured surfaces. Nanostructures were etched into c‐Si surfaces by dry exothermic plasma‐less reaction of F species with Si in atmospheric pressure conditions and then modified using a short post‐etching process. Nanotextured multicrystalline wafers are used to prepare Al‐BSF solar cells using industrially feasible solar cell proc‐ essing steps. In comparison to the reference acidic textured solar cells, the nanostructured cells showed gain in short circuit current (Jsc) of up to 0.8 mA/cm2 and absolute gain in conversion efficiency of up to 0.3%. The best nanotextured solar cell was independently certified to reach the conversion efficiency of 18.0%. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim) 相似文献