Highly Selective and Sensitive Graphene Based Electrochemical Sensor for Quantification of Receptor Agonist Rizatriptan

A highly selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor has been developed by modification of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with graphene (GRP) for quantification of Rizatriptan. The significant increase of the peak current and the improvement of the oxidation peak potential indicate that the electrochemical sensor facilitates the electron transfer of Rizatriptan. The oxidation peak current was proportional to the Rizatriptan concentration in the range from 100 to 600 µg/mL with detection (LOD) and quantification limit (LOQ) of 36.52 and 121.73 µg/mL, respectively. The developed method was successfully employed for quantification of Rizatriptan in pharmaceutical formulations. The sensor shows great promise for simple, sensitive and quantitative detection of Rizatriptan.     

Direct Evidence of Significantly Different Chemical Behavior and Excited‐State Dynamics of 1,7‐ and 1,6‐Regioisomers of Pyrrolidinyl‐Substituted Perylene Diimide

Novel bay‐functionalized perylene diimides with additional substitution sites close to the perylene core have been prepared by the reaction between 1,7(6)‐dibromoperylene diimide 6 (dibromo‐PDI) and 2‐(benzyloxymethyl)pyrrolidine 5 . Distinct differences in the chemical behaviors of the 1,7‐ and 1,6‐regioisomers have been discerned. While the 1,6‐dibromo‐PDI produced the corresponding 1,6‐bis‐substituted derivative more efficiently, the 1,7‐dibromo‐PDI underwent predominant mono‐debromination, yielding a mono‐substituted PDI along with a small amount of the corresponding 1,7‐bis‐substituted compound. By varying the reaction conditions, a controlled stepwise bis‐substitution of the bromo substituents was also achieved, allowing the direct synthesis of asymmetrical 1,6‐ and 1,7‐PDIs. The compounds were isolated as individual regioisomers. Fullerene (C₆₀) was then covalently linked at the bay region of the newly prepared PDIs. In this way, two separate sets of perylene diimide–fullerene dyads, namely single‐bridged (SB‐1,7‐PDI‐C₆₀ and SB‐1,6‐PDI‐C₆₀) and double‐bridged (DB‐1,7‐PDI‐C₆₀ and DB‐1,6‐PDI‐C₆₀), were synthesized. The fullerene was intentionally attached at the bay region of the PDI to achieve close proximity of the two chromophores and to ensure an efficient photoinduced electron transfer. A detailed study of the photodynamics has revealed that photoinduced electron transfer from the perylene diimide chromophore to the fullerene occurs in all four dyads in polar benzonitrile, and also occurs in the single‐bridged dyads in nonpolar toluene. The process was found to be substantially faster and more efficient in the dyads containing the 1,7‐regioisomer, both for the singly‐ and double‐bridged molecules. In the case of the single‐bridged dyads, SB‐1,7‐PDI‐C₆₀ and SB‐1,6‐PDI‐C₆₀, different relaxation pathways of their charge‐separated states have been discovered. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observation of photoinduced electron transfer in PDI‐C₆₀ dyads in a nonpolar medium.     

Studies on the thermal properties of silicone polymer based thermal protection systems for space applications

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry - Thermal decomposition, thermal conductivity, specific heat and flammability of polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) resin and three PDMS-based systems with...     

Structural,compositional and hardness properties of hydrogenated amorphous carbon nitride thin films synthesized by dense plasma focus device

The hydrogenated amorphous carbon nitride (a‐CN_x:H) thin films were synthesized on the SS‐304 substrates using a dense plasma focus device. The a‐CN_x:H thin films were synthesized using CH₄/N₂ admixture gas and 20 focus deposition shots on substrates placed at different distances from the anode top. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman analysis confirmed different C–N bonding in the a‐CN_x:H thin films. A decrease in the N/C ratio as well as the sp³/sp² ratio with an increase in the substrate distance has been observed. The higher amount of C–N formation for the film synthesized at 10 cm is observed which decreases with increasing distance. The X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman analysis affirmed the C ≡ N presence in all the thin films synthesized at different distances. The morphology of the synthesized a‐CN_x:H thin films showed nanoparticles and nanoparticle clusters formation at the surface. The hardness results showed comparatively lower hardness of the a‐CN_x:H thin films due to the presence of C ≡ N. The C–N formation with lower amount of C ≡ N and a higher N/C ratio as well as a higher sp³/sp² ratio for the films synthesized at 10 cm show reasonably higher hardness. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Modeling complex systems macroscopically: Case/agent-based modeling,synergetics, and the continuity equation

Recently, the continuity equation (also known as the advection equation) has been used to study stability properties of dynamical systems, where a linear transfer operator approach was used to examine the stability of a nonlinear equation both in continuous and discrete time (Vaidya and Mehta, IEEE Trans Autom Control 2008, 53, 307–323; Rajaram et al., J Math Anal Appl 2010, 368, 144–156). Our study, which conducts a series of simulations on residential patterns, demonstrates that this usage of the continuity equation can advance Haken's synergetic approach to modeling certain types of complex, self-organizing social systems macroscopically. The key to this advancement comes from employing a case-based approach that (1) treats complex systems as a set of cases and (2) treats cases as dynamical vsystems which, at the microscopic level, can be conceptualized as k dimensional row vectors; and, at the macroscopic level, as vectors with magnitude and direction, which can be modeled as population densities. Our case-based employment of the continuity equation has four benefits for agent-based and case-based modeling and, more broadly, the social scientific study of complex systems where transport or spatial mobility issues are of interest: it (1) links microscopic (agent-based) and macroscopic (structural) modeling; (2) transforms the dynamics of highly nonlinear vector fields into the linear motion of densities; (3) allows predictions to be made about future states of a complex system; and (4) mathematically formalizes the structural dynamics of these types of complex social systems.     

A class of stochastic differential equations with pathwise unique solutions

We propose a new method viz., using stochastic partial differential equations to study the pathwise uniqueness of stochastic (ordinary) differential equations. We prove the existence and pathwise uniqueness of a class of stochastic differential equations with coefficients in suitable Hermite-Sobolev class using our approach.     

Matrix multiplication operators on Banach function spaces

In this paper, we study the matrix multiplication operators on Banach function spaces and discuss their applications in semigroups for solving the abstract Cauchy problem.     

Solutions of SPDE’s Associated with a Stochastic Flow

Potential Analysis - We consider the following stochastic partial differential equation, $$begin{array}{@{}rcl@{}} &&dY_{t} = L^{ast} Y_{t} dt + A^{ast} Y_{t} cdot dB_{t}...     

A weak immersion relation on graphs and its applications

Weak immersion is a generalization of the immersion relation defined by Nash-Williams. A graph H is said to be weakly immersed in a graph G if H can be obtained from G by a sequence of these three operations: taking a subgraph, splitting a vertex, and lifting a pair of adjacent edges. The weak immersion relation has the useful property that finite graphs are well-quasi-ordered by it, which also holds for graphs with some vertices designated as terminals. As a result, any family of finite graphs that is closed under weak immersion can be characterized by a finite number of minimal forbidden graphs called obstructions. Weak immersion offers two advantages over immersion for practical applications. First, although closure under weak immersion implies closure under immersion, families can have significantly fewer obstructions under weak immersion. Hence weak immersion can provide simpler characterizations for closed families. Examples include graphs of bounded cutwidth and graphs of bounded multiway cutsize. The difference in the number of obstructions is at least exponential in the cutwidth and in the square-root of the multiway cutsize. Second, for every fixed graph H, there is a polynomial-time algorithm to decide whether H is weakly immersed in an input graph G. Consequently, there is a polynomial-time membership test for any family that is closed under weak immersion. In principle, testing for weak immersion is as fast as testing for immersion. Thus the simpler characterization provided by weak immersion may lead to faster membership algorithms.     

An approximate analytical solution of one-dimensional phase change problems in a finite domain

In this paper, we present an approximate analytical solution for solving one dimensional two phase Stefan problem. The finite sine transform technique is used to convert the non dimensional form from a space domain to a wave number domain. Inverse finite sine transform is used to obtain the desired solution. The location of moving interface during freezing process in a finite domain is studied and the result thus obtained are discussed graphically. The whole analysis is presented in a non dimensional form.