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81.
The influence of solvents and catalysts on the formation of soluble and insoluble polymer during cationic polymerization of 2,5-dimethyl-l,5-hexadiene was studied. In nonpolar medium (n-heptane or without solvent) the amount of the insoluble part is dependent on the catalyst used and increases as follows: BF3 ? AlBr3 < TiCl4. Especially soluble polymers are obtained in a solution of methylene chloride or in a mixture of methylene chloride-nitrobenzene. The temperature range studied, -30° to -78°, did not show any important influence on the polymer composition. It was found that the bulky anion of the initiator and the polarity of the medium considerably influenced cyclization during intra-intermolecular propagation of the polymer chain. 相似文献
82.
The polymerization of isobutylene with VCl4 in n-heptane or in the bulk does not proceed in the dark at temperatures lower than -20°C, yet it may be induced by the addition of styrene, α-methylstyrene, p-divinylbenzene, 1,3-butadiene, isoprene, and 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene. In these cases the polymerizations proceed with variously long induction periods depending on the type of comonomer used. The shortest induction period was observed after the addition of p-divinylbenzene and 2, 3-dimethyl-1, 3-butadiene. In a nonpolar medium the copolymerization of isobutylene with isoprene or butadiene in the dark gives rise to copolymers insoluble in heptane, benzene, and CCl4, while co-polymers formed with the effect of light are soluble. Unlike polymerizations carried out in a nonpolar solution, the polymerization of isobutylene with VCl4 in methyl chloride proceeds spontaneously in the absence of protonic coinitiators. Also, soluble copolymers of isobutylene with isoprene or butadiene arise in the copolymerization in methylchloride solution irrespective of the procedure used when the copolymerization is carried out (in the dark or with the effect of light). Polymerizations and copolymerizations carried out both in nonpolar and in polar solutions are inhibited by the presence of oxygen. 相似文献
83.
Heteroaromatic N-oxides bearing various functionalities are readily and selectively converted under mild conditions into the corresponding bases using TiCl4/SnCl2. 相似文献
84.
Fuzzy identification of cutting acoustic emission with extended subtractive cluster analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper presents fuzzy acoustic emission identification in high precision hard turning process based on extended subtractive
cluster analysis combined with the least-square estimation method. The fuzzy identification method provides a simple way to
arrive at a definite conclusion based upon the information obtained with the difficulty in understanding the exact physics
of the machining process. The experimental results prove that the proposed method is efficient and feasible. 相似文献
85.
Lu Wang Prof. Zdenek Sofer Prof. Radek Zboril Dr. Klara Cepe Prof. Martin Pumera 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2016,22(43):15444-15450
Doping of graphene materials with heteroatoms is important as it can change their electronic and electrochemical properties. Here, graphene is co‐doped with n‐type dopants such as phosphorus and halogen (Cl, Br, I). Phosphorus and halogen are introduced through the treatment of graphene oxide with PX3 gas (PCl3, PBr3, and PI3). Graphene oxides are prepared through chlorate and permanganate routes. Detailed chemical and structural characterization demonstrates that the graphene sheets are covered homogeneously by phosphorus and halogen atoms. It is found that the amount of phosphorus and halogen introduced depends on the graphene oxide preparation method. The electrocatalytic effect of the resulting co‐doped materials is demonstrated for industrially relevant electrochemical reactions such as the hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction reactions. 相似文献
86.
87.
Matúš Durec Francesco Zaccaria Dr. Célia Fonseca Guerra Prof. Dr. Radek Marek 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2016,22(31):10912-10922
Repetitive guanine‐rich nucleic acid sequences play a crucial role in maintaining genome stability and the cell life cycle and represent potential targets for regulatory drugs. Recently, it has been demonstrated that guanine‐based ligands with a porphyrin core can be used as markers of G‐quadruplex assemblies in cell tissues. Herein, model systems of guanine‐based ligands are explored by DFT methods. The energies of formation of modified guanine tetrads and those of modified tetrads stacked on the top of natural guanine tetrads have been calculated. The interaction energy has been decomposed into contributions from hydrogen bonding, stacking, and ion coordination and a twist–rise potential energy scan has been performed to find the individual local minima. Energy decomposition analysis reveals the impact of various substituents (F, Cl, Br, I, Me, NMe2) on individual energy terms. In addition, cooperative reinforcement in forming the modified and stacked tetrads, as well as the frontier orbitals participating in the hydrogen‐bonding framework involving the HOMO–LUMO gap between the occupied σHOMO on the proton‐accepting C=O and =N? groups and unoccupied σLUMO on the N?H groups, has been studied. The investigated systems are demonstrated to have a potential in ligand development, mainly due to stacking enhancement compared with natural guanine, which is used as a reference. 相似文献
88.
Rafa? Janus Piotr Natkański Anna Wach Marek Drozdek Zofia Piwowarska Pegie Cool Piotr Ku?trowski 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2012,110(1):119-125
Thermogravimetry, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used for the studying of thermally induced structural changes of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) deposited on the surface of SBA-15 type mesoporous silica. Polymer was introduced onto the support by the precipitation polymerization of acrylonitrile in aqueous suspension of SBA-15. Low temperature transformation (to 723?K) of the deposited PAN was analyzed. It was found that at about 523?K, exothermic cyclization of polymer chains to the so-called ladder form of PAN occurred. However, the total cyclization of PAN required higher carbonization temperatures, at which gradual dehydrogenation followed by graphitization was initiated. XPS revealed that the cyclic form of PAN and a relatively large amount of carbonyl species, formed during the carbonization of the PAN/SBA-15 composite at 623?K, were responsible for the high sorption capacity in the methyl?Cethyl ketone (MEK) vapor elimination. The efficiency in the MEK adsorption was also influenced by the content of PAN-derived carbon deposited on the SBA-15 surface. 相似文献
89.
Góźdź Marek Góźdź Andrzej Gusev Alexander A. Vinitsky Sergue I. 《Physics of Atomic Nuclei》2018,81(6):853-857
Physics of Atomic Nuclei - We discuss the problem of the time variable in the nearly standard formulation of the quantum mechanics. In order to be able to describe the outcome of some of the... 相似文献
90.
Ewa Kłodzińska Wojciech Kupczyk Marek Jackowski Boguslaw Buszewski 《Electrophoresis》2013,34(22-23):3206-3213
A surgical site infection (SSI) is an infection that occurs after surgery in the part of the body where the surgery took place. An SSI may range from a spontaneously limited wound discharge within 7–10 days of an operation to a life‐threatening postoperative complication, such as a sternal infection after open heart surgery. Most SSIs are caused by contamination of an incision with microorganisms from the patient's own body during surgery. From the analytical point of view, the complex nature of these samples as well as the low concentrations of analytes require a system with high sensitivity and efficiency. Such situation requires a technique such as CE, which is a powerful and versatile separation technique that promises to rival HPLC when applied to the separation of both charged and neutral species. During the study, it has been demonstrated that CZE identifies characteristics of such groups of pathogens such as bacteria Gram (+) and different species of bacteria Gram (?), and also develops weekly individual profiles for patients after application of antibiotics. This was done in order to show the impact of antibiotic therapy in change “numbers” of bacteria present in the wound after surgery. The method proved to be the ideal straight specificity in the case of Escherichia coli (100%). Finally, analysis of the spectra and the second derivatives of the UV‐Vis spectra confirmed the similarity in the profiles and showed that the CZE is a great method for fast screening test in bacterial infection. 相似文献