Urinary excretion of methylated purines in man and in the rat after the administration of theophylline

Chromatographic characteristics of urinary metabolites of theophylline were studied by two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography--mass spectrometry. Quantitative date for the urinary metabolites of theophylline in asthmatic children are given. It was shown that 1,3-dimethyluric acid is the predominant excretory product. In addition, smaller amounts of 1-methyluric acid, 3-methylxanthine and unchanged theophylline were found. Excretory patterns after theophylline ingestion before and during the administration of allopurinol in asthma patients and in rats suggest the existence of three metabolic pathways of theophylline. The administration of this drug to a patient with xanthine oxidase of theophylline. The administration of this drug to a patient with xanthine oxidase deficiency resulted in the excretion of 1-methyluric acid in addition to 1,3-dimethyluric acid, 3-methylxanthine, 1-methylxanthine and unchanged theophylline. It was concluded that in man the oxidation of theophylline is not catalysed by xanthine oxidase.     

Studies on organophosphorus compounds—V: Pyridines from secondary car☐amides and HMPA

A new pyridine synthesis has been found by refluxing certain simple secondary car☐amides in HMPA. Thus 2,6-dimethylpyridine, 2-ethyl-6-methylpyridine, 2,3,6-trimethylpyridine, 2-ethyl-3,6-dimethylpyridine, 2-benzyl-6-methyl-3-phenylpyridine, 2-ethyl-3-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinoline and 2-t-butyl-6-methylpyridine were prepared in 15–40% yield.     

Silicon-29 diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) as a tool for studying aqueous silicates

The first use of silicon-29 diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY) is reported, in a study of the speciation of aqueous silicates.     

A Simulation Approach to Cost Estimation in the Project Contracting Industry

In the project contracting industry (particularly in Third World and developing economies) one of the basic requirements for a company to produce a bid is an accurate estimate of the overall costs. A typical contract will involve several hundred quotes from different suppliers, and some of the figures will be inherently more risky than others.This paper looks at the effect of component price uncertainties on the overall cost of a project and develops a company-based simulation model to evaluate this. The basic data is derived from the individual expertise existing within the company, and this is statistically tested for consistency.The application of the simulation model is demonstrated, and it is also used to test some simple hypotheses about the existing modus operandi.     

Synthesis,alkylation, and molecular and crystal structure ofN-methylmorpholinium 6-amino-3,5-dicyano-1,4-dihydropyridine-4-spirocyclohexane-2-thiolate

The reaction of cyano(cyclohexylidene)thioacetamide with cyanothioacetamide or malononitrile andN-methylmorpholine yieldsN-methylmorpholinium 6-amino-3,5-dicyano-1,4-dihydropyridine-4-spirocyclohexane-2-thiolate. Its structure was established based on the results of alkylation and X-ray structural analysis.Deceased.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2535–2540, October, 1996.     

Optical waveguide sensors in analytical chemistry: today’s instrumentation, applications and trends for future development

Current concepts for chemical and biochemical sensing based on detection with optical waveguides are reviewed. The goals are to provide a framework for classifying such sensors and to assist a designer in selecting the most suitable detection techniques and waveguide arrangements. Sensor designs are categorized on the basis of the five parameters that completely describe a light wave: its amplitude, wavelength, phase, polarization state and time-dependent waveform. In the fabrication of a successful sensor, the physical or chemical property of the determined species and the particular light wave parameter to detect it should be selected with care since they jointly dictate the sensitivity, stability, selectivity and accuracy of the eventual measurement. The principle of operation, the nature or the detected optical signal, instrumental requirements for practical applications, and associated problems are analyzed for each category of sensors. Two sorts of sensors are considered: those based on direct spectroscopic detection of the analyte, and those in which the analyte is determined indirectly through use of an analyte-sensitive reagent. Key areas of recent study, useful practical applications, and trends in future development of optical waveguide chemical and biochemical sensors are considered.