一种乌青铜结构光催化剂：铁电-顺电相变与光催化性质

近年来,铁电材料作为一种潜在的高活性光催化剂材料越来越多地受到研究者关注.由于晶体结构的对称性破缺导致铁电晶体中出现自发极化,在这种极化内建电场的影响下,光生电子-空穴将发生空间分离,从而有效抑制载流子复合,进一步提高光催化体系的总量子效率.文献报道了很多性能优异的铁电光伏器件,在这样的思路下,越来越多的材料被直接作为光催化材料来研究,但有关顺电-铁电差异的报道很少,铁电性与光催化性能关联的直接证据尚有欠缺.研究表明, SrxBa1-xNb2O6(SBN)材料的居里温度(TC)对组分调变有很强的依赖性,当 Sr2+含量发生改变时(x =0.32-0.82),其居里温度可在10-270oC范围内变化.因此,合成一个居里温度接近室温的 SBN材料,研究其在顺/铁电相下自发极化行为、光生电荷分离行为、光催化行为及结构演变,就可能得到一个关于铁电性与光催化性能关系的直接证据,并有助于理解二者的关联性.本文以较低温度(65°C)下发生铁-顺电相变的 Sr0.7Ba0.3Nb2O6(SBN-70)材料为模型体系,使用X射线衍射、紫外可见光谱及不同温度下的铁电及介电测试、光电测试、光催化产氢和荧光激发谱等表征技术,研究了 SBN-70光电/光催化性能差异与相结构的相关性.首先使用高温固相合成法制备了纯相的四方钨青铜型 SBN-70材料,根据紫外可见漫反射光谱表征结果,推测 SBN-70材料在热力学上可发生光催化水分解反应.对 SBN-70进行的铁电及介电测试表明 SBN-70属于典型的弛豫型铁电材料：介电峰温度宽化显著,且介电峰位置随不同测试频率发生变化.在f =1 kHz测试下,其名义居里温度约为65oC.使用高温下两步烧结法制备了致密的 Ag/SBN-70/Ag陶瓷样品.受到高强度电场(E =30 kV/cm)极化的 Ag/SBN-70/Ag样品在紫外光照射下出现了显著光伏效应,铁电回线测试表明极化后的 SBN-70材料中存在强度约为0.8 kV/cm由剩余极化导致的内建电场,当经过极化的 SBN-70经过80oC退火后,光伏效应消失.结果表明, SBN-70极化后在内建极化场的作用下,在低温铁电相表现了显著的光生电荷分离能力,在进入高温顺电相后,这种分离能力随着自发极化的消失而消失.同时我们发现担载 Pt的 SBN-70粉末样品作为光催化剂在不同温度下存在很大的光催化产氢活性差异：反应在15oC时,产氢量为4.5μmol,随着反应温度升高,其产氢量升高,在60oC时为5.3μmol,继续升高温度至80oC时,发生了反常的活性变化,即产氢活性完全消失.这种反常的活性-温度关系可能与 SBN-70的铁-顺电相变有关：进入高温顺电相(80oC)后,晶体结构回到4/mmm点群,铁电畴结构不再存在,从而丧失了作为电荷分离驱动力的自发极化.不同温度下荧光激发谱结果也暗示了 SBN-70在高于65oC附近极化结构的消失.本文结果表明,铁电相中存在的铁电极化结构确实有利于光生电荷分离,进而提高了光催化反应活性.     

AO-resistant properties of polyimide fibers containing phosphorous groups in main chains

A series of polyimide fibers containing phosphorus element derived from (3-aminophenyl) methyl phosphine oxide (DAMPO) diamine was exposed to an artificial atomic oxygen environment which simulated the space environment in low earth orbit (LEO). The mass loss, surface morphology, chemical composition, and mechanical properties of the fibers before and after atomic oxygen (AO) exposure were compared in detail with a blank sample. Results showed that the phosphor-containing fibers demonstrated lower mass change and less tensile strength reduction. SEM results showed that the fibers with phosphorous element had relatively dense surface after AO exposure. Meanwhile, XPS results indicated that a passivated phosphate layer, which could protect the following under-layer from attacking by AO, was formed on the surface of the fibers. These results indicated that the incorporation of diamine (DAMPO) into the main chains could protect the fibers for avoiding further erosion from AO exposure. Hence, the phosphor-containing PI fibers exhibits potential application in space fields.     

Reaction kinetics in anionic copolymerization: A revisit on Mayo-Lewis equation

Reactivity ratio is a traditional parameter quantifying the reaction kinetics in copolymerization, which is important for potentially controlling microstructures of polymers and guiding the copolymerization process. Our recent experiments using tube-NMR technique enable us to in situ monitor the concentration profiles of the co-monomers during the anionic copolymerization process. This motivates us to revisit the Mayo-Lewis(ML) equation, which is the basis for derivation of reactivity ratio and has been extensively utilized in addition copolymerization. We found that although an explicit ML expression is desirable for ease of calculation and correlation with experimental data, it fails in our anionic copolymerization experiment as well as some data available in the literature. The origin is ascribed to the validity of the steady state assumption which is essential in the ML equation. This assumption can be released in anionic copolymerization and replaced by the fact that the overall concentration of the living chain ends keeps constant throughout the copolymerization. Alternative numerical method has been utilized to obtain the rate constants and consequently the reactivity ratios. Our work suggests that the ML equation should be applied with caution.     

Research on Optical Transmitter and Receiver Module Used for High-Speed Interconnection between CPU and Memory

With the development of the multicore processor, the bandwidth and capacity of the memory, rather than the memory area, are the key factors in server performance. At present, however, the new architectures, such as fully buffered DIMM (FBDIMM), hybrid memory cube (HMC), and high bandwidth memory (HBM), cannot be commercially applied in the server. Therefore, a new architecture for the server is proposed. CPU and memory are separated onto different boards, and optical interconnection is used for the communication between them. Each optical module corresponds to each dual inline memory module (DIMM) with 64 channels. Compared to the previous technology, not only can the architecture realize high-capacity and wide-bandwidth memory, it also can reduce power consumption and cost, and be compatible with the existing dynamic random access memory (DRAM). In this article, the proposed module with system-in-package (SiP) integration is demonstrated. In the optical module, the silicon photonic chip is included, which is a promising technology to be applied in the next-generation data exchanging centers. And due to the bandwidth–distance performance of the optical interconnection, SerDes chips are introduced to convert the 64-bit data at 800 Mbps from/to 4-channel data at 12.8 Gbps after/before they are transmitted though optical fiber. All the devices are packaged on cheap organic substrates. To ensure the performance of the whole system, several optimization efforts have been performed on the two modules. High-speed interconnection traces have been designed and simulated with electromagnetic simulation software. Steady-state thermal characteristics of the transceiver module have been evaluated by ANSYS APLD based on finite-element methodology (FEM). Heat sinks are placed at the hotspot area to ensure the reliability of all working chips. Finally, this transceiver system based on silicon photonics is measured, and the eye diagrams of data and clock signals are verified.     

Chemical‐Bonding‐Directed Hierarchical Assembly of Nanoribbon‐Shaped Nanocomposites of Gold Nanorods and Poly(3‐hexylthiophene)

Nanoribbon‐shaped nanocomposites composed of conjugated polymer poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanoribbons and plasmonic gold nanorods (AuNRs) were crafted by a co‐assembly of thiol‐terminated P3HT (P3HT‐SH) nanofibers with dodecanethiol‐coated AuNRs (AuNRs‐DDT). First, P3HT‐SH nanofibers were formed due to interchain π–π stacking. Upon the addition of AuNRs‐DDT, P3HT‐SH nanofibers were transformed into nanoribbons decorated with the aligned AuNRs on the surface (i.e., nanoribbon‐like P3HT/AuNRs nanocomposites). Depending on the surface coverage of the P3HT nanoribbons by AuNRs, these hierarchically assembled nanocomposites exhibited broadened and red‐shifted absorption bands of AuNRs in nIR region due to the plasmon coupling of adjacent aligned AuNRs and displayed quenched photoluminescence of P3HT. Such conjugated polymer/plasmonic nanorod nanocomposites may find applications in fields, such as building blocks for complex superstructures, optical biosensors, and optoelectronic devices.     

Synthesis,Crystal Structure,and Electrochemical Properties of a Simple Magnesium Electrolyte for Magnesium/Sulfur Batteries

Most simple magnesium salts tend to passivate the Mg metal surface too quickly to function as electrolytes for Mg batteries. In the present work, an electroactive salt [Mg(THF)₆][AlCl₄]₂ was synthesized and structurally characterized. The Mg electrolyte based on this simple mononuclear salt showed a high Mg cycling efficiency, good anodic stability (2.5 V vs. Mg), and high ionic conductivity (8.5 mS cm^?1). Magnesium/sulfur cells employing the as‐prepared electrolyte exhibited good cycling performance over 20 cycles in the range of 0.3–2.6 V, thus indicating an electrochemically reversible conversion of S to MgS without severe passivation of the Mg metal electrode surface.     

A study on the optimal English speech level for Chinese listeners in classrooms

Speech intelligibility in classrooms affects the learning efficiency of students directly, especially for the students who are using a second language. The speech intelligibility value is determined by many factors such as speech level, signal to noise ratio, and reverberation time in the rooms. This paper investigates the contributions of these factors with subjective tests, especially speech level, which is required for designing the optimal gain for sound amplification systems in classrooms. The test material was generated by mixing the convolution output of the English Coordinate Response Measure corpus and the room impulse responses with the background noise. The subjects are all Chinese students who use English as a second language. It is found that the speech intelligibility increases first and then decreases with the increase of speech level, and the optimal English speech level is about 71 dBA in classrooms for Chinese listeners when the signal to noise ratio and the reverberation time keep constant. Finally, a regression equation is proposed to predict the speech intelligibility based on speech level, signal to noise ratio, and reverberation time.     

共轭高分子链中电荷迁移的热效应

从理论上研究了共轭高聚物链中在电场作用下极化子运动的热效应.基于SSH模型以及通过绝热动力学演化的方法,模拟了共轭高聚物链中极化子在电场作用下从链左端向右端运动的过程.晶格受到的热扰动作用假设为通过局域的晶格范围内原子位移的随机涨落来实现.结果发现,晶格中的局域热涨落对于运动中的极化子而言等效于一个势垒.势垒高度由高分子中受到热扰动的区域的范围大小以及该区域与其周围环境的温差来决定.当分子中存在热吸收不均匀的现象时,链内极化子迁移率在低电场范围内随电场的变化遵循对数曲线变化规律.     

2,6-萘二甲酸构筑配合物的研究进展

2,6-萘二甲酸是一个具有多个配位原子的线性刚性配体,迄今,已报道的2,6-萘二甲酸构筑的配合物有100多个,它们展现了丰富的拓扑结构和潜在的应用价值。本文总结了2,6-萘二甲酸配体的结构特点以及配位模式,并按照金属离子的种类对2,6-萘二甲酸配合物进行分类归纳总结。着重介绍了2,6-萘二甲酸配合物在气体吸附分离、光致发光、磁性及多相催化方面的应用性质,对该类配合物的发展前景进行了展望。     

Preparation and photocatalytic activity of nonmetal Co-doped titanium dioxide photocatalyst

A series of boron and sulfur co-doped titanium dioxide (TiO₂) photocatalysts were prepared by a sol-gel method using boric acid, thiourea and tetrabutyl titanate [Ti(OC₄H₉)₄] as precursors. The photoabsorbance of as-prepared photocatalysts was measured by UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and its microstructure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and N₂ adsorption-desorption measurements. The prepared photocatalysts consisted of the anatase phase mainly in the form of spherical particles. The photocatalytic performance was studied by photodegradation of methyl blue (MB) in water under UV and visible light irradiation. The calcination temperature and the codoping content influenced the photoactivity. The synergistic effect of boron and sulfur co-doping played an important role in improving the photocatalytic activity. In addition, the possibility of cyclic usage of codoped TiO₂ was also confirmed, the photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ remained above 91% of that of the fresh sample after being used four times. It was shown that the co-doped TiO₂ could be activated by visible light and could thus be potentially applied for the treatment of water contaminated by organic pollutants.