Synthesis and application in polypropylene of a novel of phosphorus-containing intumescent flame retardant

A novel phosphorus-containing triazine oligomer poly(2-morpholinyl-4-penta-erythritol phosphate-1,3,5-triazine) (PMPT) was synthesized as a kind of tri-component intumescent flame retardant (IFR). The chemical structure of PMPT was characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR and 31P-NMR, and the mechanical and flammability properties of FR-PP were measured. The FTIR results showed that the expected chemical reactions had happened at each step. The 1H-NMR and 31P-NMR spectra also agreed with the chemical structure of PMPT. The slight effect of PMPT on the mechanical properties of FR-PP suggested that PMPT and PP are compatible. The high limited oxygen index (LOI) values of FR-PP revealed that PMPT was an efficient IFR and there was the synergistic effect between PMPT and ammonium polyphosphate/ pentaerythritol (APP/PER).     

Thermal stability of carbon nanotubes

Heat capacities of the carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with different sizes have been measured by modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC) and reported for the first time. The results indicated the values of C _p increased with shortening length of CNTs when the diameters of CNTs were between 60 and 100 nm. However, the values of C _p of CNTs were not affected by their diameter when the lengths of CNTs were 1–2 um, or not affected by the length of CNTs when their diameters were below 10 nm. The thermal stabilities of the CNTs have been studied by TG-DTG-DSC. The results of TG-DTG showed that thermal stabilities of CNTs were enhanced with their diameters increase. With lengths increase, the thermal stabilities of CNTs increased when their diameters were between 60 and 100 nm, but there is a slight decrease when their diameters were less than 60 nm. The further DSC analyses showed both released heat and T _onset increased with the increase of CNTs diameters, which confirms the consistency of the results from both TG-DTG and DSC on CNTs thermal stability.     

Biofuel Combustion Chemistry: From Ethanol to Biodiesel

Biofuels, such as bio‐ethanol, bio‐butanol, and biodiesel, are of increasing interest as alternatives to petroleum‐based transportation fuels because they offer the long‐term promise of fuel‐source regenerability and reduced climatic impact. Current discussions emphasize the processes to make such alternative fuels and fuel additives, the compatibility of these substances with current fuel‐delivery infrastructure and engine performance, and the competition between biofuel and food production. However, the combustion chemistry of the compounds that constitute typical biofuels, including alcohols, ethers, and esters, has not received similar public attention. Herein we highlight some characteristic aspects of the chemical pathways in the combustion of prototypical representatives of potential biofuels. The discussion focuses on the decomposition and oxidation mechanisms and the formation of undesired, harmful, or toxic emissions, with an emphasis on transportation fuels. New insights into the vastly diverse and complex chemical reaction networks of biofuel combustion are enabled by recent experimental investigations and complementary combustion modeling. Understanding key elements of this chemistry is an important step towards the intelligent selection of next‐generation alternative fuels.     

DNA Structural Changes Under Different Stretching Methods Studied By Molecular Dynamics Simulations

We present a molecular dynamics simulation study of 22‐mer DNA conformational variations obtained by stretching both 3′‐termini and both 5′‐termini. Stretching 3′‐termini by 3.5 nm required 142 kJ mol^?1 and the force plateau was ～80 pN, whereas stretching 5′‐termini by the same length required 190 kJ mol^?1 and the force plateau was ～100 pN. Stretching 3′‐termini led to a larger untwisting of the double helix and the successive base pairs rolled to the side of the DNA minor groove, while stretching 5′‐termini resulted in the base pairs rolling to the major groove side and reducing of the diameter of DNA molecule. The most distinctive difference between stretching 3′‐termini and 5′‐termini was that at the force plateau region stretching the 5′‐termini resulted in breakage of the base pairs, which considerably disturbed the structure of the DNA double helix. All of the variations of base rotation and translation for both stretching methods took place when the relative length of DNA l was longer than 1.2, which was the point the force plateau appeared.     

Efficient Two‐Photon Excited Amplified Spontaneous Emission from Organic Single Crystals

E, E‐1, 4‐bis[4′‐(N,N‐dibutylamino)styryl]‐2,5‐dimethoxy‐benzene (DBASDMB) organic crystals with high crystalline quality, large size and excellent optical properties are prepared. The linear and nonlinear properties in the crystal are comparatively studied. The relaxation dynamics pumped by two‐photon are very similar with that pumped by one‐photon. The crystal exhibits very strong two‐photon excited fluorescence and amplified spontaneous emission. Efficient two‐photon absorption, reasonably high fluorescent quantum efficiency, and high crystal quality together with stimulated emission make organic crystals ideal for the application in frequency upconversion and other optoelectronic fields.     

Flexible Magnetic Nanoparticles–Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite Membranes Formed by Self‐Assembly in Solution

A facile and robust route for the pre‐synthesized Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) exclusively assembled on both sides of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets with tunable density forming two‐dimensional NPs composite membranes is developed in solution. The assembly is driven by electrostatic attraction, and the nanocomposite sheets display considerable mechanical robustness, such as it can sustain supersonic and solvothermal treatments without NPs falling off, also, can freely float in solution and curl into a tube. The obtained two‐dimensional composite grain membranes exhibit superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature but responds astutely to an external magnetic field. In addition, these magnetic composite membranes show an enhanced absorption capability for microwaves. The grain sheets are attractive for biomedical, sensors, environmental applications and electric‐magnetic devices benefited from large surfaces, high magnetization moment, and superparamagnetic properties. The effective integration of oxide nanocrystals on RGO sheets provides a new way to design semiconductor–carbon nanocomposites for nanodevices or catalytic applications.     

Magnesium oxide microspheres as a novel solid‐phase extraction sorbent for the determination of benzo[a]pyrene in environmental water samples

Magnesium oxide microspheres were developed as a novel SPE sorbent for the determination of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), one of the most potent carcinogenic agents, in environmental water samples. The parameters controlling the extraction efficiency, such as elution volume, flow rate, pH values, and breakthrough volume, were investigated in detail. Considering the facile preparation and satisfying recovery, a corresponding analytical method has been developed to determine the concentration of BaP in real tap water, river water, and seawater. The recoveries for the spiked BaP were excellent (94–101%).     

Patterned growth of vertically aligned silicon nanowire arrays for label-free DNA detection using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy

Patterning is of paramount importance in many areas of modern science and technology. As a good candidate for novel nanoscale optoelectronics and miniaturized molecule sensors, vertically aligned silicon nanowire (SiNW) with controllable location and orientation is highly desirable. In this study, we developed an effective procedure for the fabrication of vertically aligned SiNW arrays with micro-sized features by using single-step photolithography and silver nanoparticle-induced chemical etching at room temperature. We demonstrated that the vertically aligned SiNW arrays can be used as a platform for label-free DNA detection using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), where the inherent “fingerprint” SERS spectra allows for the differentiation of closely related biospecies. Since the SiNW array patterns could be modified by simply varying the mask used in the photolithographic processing, it is expected that the methodology can be used to fabricate label-free DNA microarrays and may be applicable to tissue engineering, which aims to create living tissue substitutes from cells seeded onto 3D scaffolds.