Smoothing of the bispectral density estimate based on digital nonlinear filtering and the Kravchenko weight functions

The methods of smoothing of the bispectral density estimate when solving the problems of restoration of signals with an unknown shape in the interference environment and random signal delay are considered for the first time. The performed analysis of statistical characteristics of noise that presents in the bispectrum estimate shows that these statistical characteristics have a rather complex unsteady behavior. An ambiguous selection of a filter optimal by the criterion of the minimum of the root-mean-square error and the minimum of dynamic distortions introduced by the filter seems to be problematic because of the unsteady behavior of counts of the bispectral density estimate and the absence of a priori data on the parameters of the restored signal. Therefore, statistic investigations were performed with the use of linear and nonlinear digital filters with variations of the sliding window sizes. It is shown that the advantages of the proposed approach most pronouncedly manifest themselves with the use of the nonlinear digital filtration and small signal/noise ratios at the input and/or with a small sampling volume of observed implementations. The Kravchenko weight functions are proposed to smooth the bispectrum of the multifrequency signal with a large dynamic range of variations in amplitudes of spectral components. The presented results are of practical interest for use in applications such as radiolocation, hydrolocation, and digital communication.     

Gamma-ray bursts from evaporating primordial black holes

It is believed that the detection of gamma-ray bursts from evaporating primordial black holes is highly improbable in the near future since the expected photon flux, consisting mainly of photons with energies ? GeV, is too low. Contrary to this point of view, we show that a large fraction of the black hole power at the final stage of evaporation (the last 10³ s) can be liberated as a burst of soft γ-ray emission of duration 10^?1–10³ s and luminosity 10²⁸–10³¹ erg/s in the energy range 0.1–1 MeV. According to our calculations of the black hole evaporation rate (within the Standard Model of elementary particles), when the black hole temperature exceeds approximately 10 GeV, the charged particle outflow from a black hole forms a well-defined plasma and can be described in the hydrodynamic approximation. In this case more than half of the rest energy of a black hole can be converted into soft gamma-rays due to the presence of the magnetic field with energy density comparable to that of charged particles. We consider various mechanisms leading to such transformation and estimate their efficiency. It is shown that, at least, some of the gamma-ray bursts detected by BATSE can be associated with evaporating black holes.     

Statistical synthesis of multiantenna ultrawideband radiometric complexes

An optimum signal processing algorithm of radiometric imaging has been synthesized for the first time using multiantenna ultrawideband (UWB) radiometric complexes (RMCs). Radiometric images (RMI) are interpreted physically as intensity depending on the angular coordinates or the spectral radio brightness averaged in the operation frequency band. In accordance with the synthesized algorithm, a structural scheme of ultrawideband radiometric complexes has been developed. An analytical expression for the ambiguity function of radiometric complexes has been obtained. The ambiguity function is modeled in the case of processing narrowband and ultrawideband radiometric signals. As follows from the analysis of the results, new elements of the theory of optimum processing of UWB radiometric signals with the involvement of multielement antenna systems are an important tool in creating highly accurate, biologically and ecologically safe complexes for studying various media and objects.     

Pro duction of Exotic Nuclei in Low-Energy Multi-Nucleon Transfer Reactions

Multinucleon transfer processes in low-energy heavy ion collisions open a new field of research in nuclear physics, namely, production and studying properties of heavy neutron rich nuclei. This not-yet-explored area of the nuclear map is extremely important for understanding the astrophysical nucleosynthesis and the origin of heavy elements. Beams of very heavy U-like ions are needed to produce new long-living isotopes of transfermium and superheavy elements located very close to the island of stability.The calculated cross sections are high enough to perform the experiments at available accelerators.Beams of medium-mass ions (such as 136Xe, 192Os, 198Pt) can be used for the production of neutron rich nuclei located along the neutron closed shell N = 126 (the last waiting point) having the largest impact on the astrophysical r-process. The Low-energy multinucleon transfer reactions is a very efficient tool also for the production and spectroscopic study of light exotic nuclei. The corresponding cross sections are 2 or 3 orders of magnitude larger as compared with high energy fragmentation reactions.     

An Optimal Algorithm for the Formation of Unbiased Estimates of the Effective Noise Temperature of a Stochastic Radio Thermal Signal

The main optimal signal processing operation is shown to be the division of the energy estimates for the random processes observed in the adjacent time intervals. It is justified that this processing may be deemed the primary one and it is necessary to introduce the secondary processing - averaging the unbiased primary estimates of the effective noise temperature. The potential fluctuation sensitivity of the radiometer and the limiting errors of the joint estimates of the noise temperature and the gain instability parameter have been determined.     

Spectral methods of researching tissue circulation and blood-gas parameters

Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 55, No. 2, pp. 261–265, August, 1991.