Thermodynamics of textures in superfluid 3He

The contribution of the textures in the B-phase of superfluid ³He to the specific heat has been calculated. The specific heat is found to be divergent near T_c.     

Investigation of the role of NaBH<Subscript>4</Subscript> in the chemical synthesis of gold nanorods

An improvement in the previously reported seed-mediated chemical synthesis of gold nanorods (GNRs) is reported. Monodisperse GNRs have been synthesized in a one-step protocol. The addition of controlled quantity of sodium borohydride (NaBH₄) directly into the growth solution produced uniform GNRs, formed by in situ nucleation and growth. In order to arrive at the conclusion, we studied the formation of GNRs with various seeds, of metals of widely differing crystal structures, and there were no variations in the properties of the GNRs formed. The role of NaBH₄ in the growth of GNR, which has not been covered in previous reports, is discussed in detail. The dependence of longitudinal plasmon peak on the concentration of NaBH₄ is compared with the dependence of residual concentration of NaBH₄ in the seed solution, which is added to the growth solution in seed-mediated synthesis. The study shows that NaBH₄ plays an important role in the formation of GNRs. This proposed protocol offers a number of advantages: one-step preparation of GNRs, significant reduction in the preparation time to 10 min, high monodispersity of GNRs, and tailorability of the aspect ratio depending on NaBH₄ concentration. It is suggested that NaBH₄ added to the growth solution leads to in situ formation of the seed particles of the size of 3–5 nm which enables the growth of GNRs. The growth of GNRs suggested here is likely to have an impact on the preparation of other anisotropic structures. Our single-pot methodology makes the procedure directly adaptable for commercial-scale production of GNRs and for their synthesis even in undergraduate laboratories.     

Glass transition in biomolecules and the liquid-liquid critical point of water

Using molecular dynamics simulations, we investigate the relation between the dynamic transitions of biomolecules (lysozyme and DNA) and the dynamic and thermodynamic properties of hydration water. We find that the dynamic transition of the macromolecules, sometimes called a "protein glass transition," occurs at the temperature of dynamic crossover in the diffusivity of hydration water and also coincides with the maxima of the isobaric specific heat C_{P} and the temperature derivative of the orientational order parameter. We relate these findings to the hypothesis of a liquid-liquid critical point in water. Our simulations are consistent with the possibility that the protein glass transition results from crossing the Widom line, which is defined as the locus of correlation length maxima emanating from the hypothesized second critical point of water.     

Vibrational Band Intensities of Hydrocarbons

Abstract

The experimental observables of a vibrational spectrum are depicted either in the form of their positions, i.e., frequency relating the energy required in a given quantum transition, or as the intensities of absorption and scattering related to their transition probabilities. Expressed in terms of molecular parameters, the frequencies depend on the geometry, atomic masses, and intramolecular forces [11 while the band intensities [2] reflect changes in dipole moment (infrared) or polarizabilities (Raman) which are caused during a vibrational displacement and are related to movement of electronic charges within the individual bonds. The mathematical basis for determining vibrational frequencies was well established as early as 1940 by Wilson [3] and others [4, 51. Applying the interpretation of vibrational spectra has become routine in the multitudinous disciplines of chemical literature [6–26]. Accounts of infrared and Raman spectra [27–29], collection of literature [30], and reasonable sets of intramolecular forces [31, 321 are now available for the prediction of normal frequencies of hydrocarbons.     

Method of Generating N-dimensional Isochronous Nonsingular Hamiltonian Systems

In this paper we develop a straightforward procedure to construct higher dimensional isochronous Hamiltonian systems. We first show that a class of singular Hamiltonian systems obtained through the Ω-modified procedure is equivalent to constrained Newtonian systems. Even though such systems admit isochronous oscillations, they are effectively one degree of freedom systems due to the constraints. Then we generalize the procedure in terms of Ω _i -modified Hamiltonians and identify suitable canonically conjugate coordinates such that the constructed Ω _i -modified Hamiltonian is nonsingular and the corresponding Newton's equation of motion is constraint free. The procedure is first illustrated for two dimensional systems and subsequently extended to N-dimensional systems. The general solution of these systems are obtained by integrating the underlying equations and is shown to admit isochronous as well as amplitude independent quasiperiodic solutions depending on the choice of parameters.     

Designing of Optical Fiber Sensing Probe

Evanescent wave configuration has been extensively used in the development of fiber-optic sensor for different biomedical applications. In the present investigation we have theoretically proposed the designing of single-mode and multimode optical fiber sensing probes, which can be prepared by removing a few centimeters of cladding near the distal end of the step index optical fiber. In this theoretical study, we found that the removal of cladding causes V-number mismatching and this has led to the loss of signal acquisition from the sensing region. Therefore, to minimize these losses we have proposed to reduce the radius by step etch and tapering technique. It was found that step etching and tapering enhances the strength and penetration depth of the evanescent wave significantly.     

Bile acid based receptors for multiple metal ion recognition

A series of bile acid based receptors having triazole unit along with some additional heteroatom containing moieties as coordinating units for transition metal ion recognition has been synthesized. The UV–Vis studies revealed that these receptors show significant multiple binding affinity for Hg²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions.     

A one-pot direct regioselective iodination of Fischer-Borsche product using periodic acid in PEG-400

A metal-free and greener approach for the one-pot direct iodination and dehydrogenation of dihydrobenzo[a]carbazoles has been developed using periodic acid in polyethylene glycol-400 (PEG-400) under mild condition. This method has been proven to be tolerate to a broad range of functional groups, with good to excellent yields include metal-free inexpensive catalyst, easy work-up, benign reaction condition and high regioselectivity. The solvent has been successfully recycled up to 5 times without any loss of activity in an aqueous medium.