Minimum-uncertainty states of systems with many degrees of freedom

The minimum-uncertainty states for systems with many degrees of freedom are investigated. The limiting situation, relevant to the electromagnetic field, is discussed and it is pointed out that the states that minimize Δp Δq do not tend to the coherent states. These latter, including the vacuum state, are minimum-uncertainty states for the transverse electric and magnetic fields. In an appendix a direct method to obtain the wave functional for the vacuum is presented.     

Characterization of Ar'Sn(micro-Br)Sn(Ar')CH2C6H4-4-Pri (Ar' = C6H3-2,6-Dipp2; Dipp = C6H3-2,6-Pri2): a stable structural analogue for a heavier group 14 element monobridged alkene isomer HM(micro-H)MH2 (M = Sn or Pb)

The title compound is the first stable structural analogue for the monobridged isomer of a heavier group 14 alkene analogue.     

Linear Tikhonov regularization against an edge field: an improved reconstruction algorithm in photothermal depth profilometry

This work introduces the concept of edge-field regularization into photothermal inverse depth profilometry problems. An edge field allows prior information concerning the depth location of material interfaces in a sample to be introduced into a Tikhonov regularization problem by a simple binary encoding. The edge-field regularization allows Nth-order Tikhonov stabilization constraints to be applied independently to multiple zones or segments of a depth profile between defined interface positions. This allows the reconstruction of continuous depth-profile information within known layers, without the globally imposed smoothing and edge oscillations of the classical regularization methods. This method successfully reconstructs both the amplitude of the interface discontinuities and the photothermal depth-contrast variations within the bounding edges, to a resolution limited by the resolving kernel for the underlying Nth-order Tikhonov constraint. The edge-field regularization dramatically reduces the errors associated with profiling photothermal contrast in bounded zones that are depth-displaced in the sample. Received: 19 September 2002 / Published online: 5 May 2003 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +1-514/398-3797, E-mail: joan.power@mcgill.ca     

Electrochemical evidence of H' produced by ultrasound

Electrochemical evidence of H. produced by cavitation as the result of ultrasonic irradiation of an aqueous solution is presented.     

Electrochemical,luminescent and photographic characterisation of cavitation

The characterisation of a small sonochemical reactor has been performed using electrochemical, luminescent and photographic techniques. The electrochemical experiments have employed a novel flow system to determine the formation of sonochemical products (in this case hydrogen peroxide) in semi-real time with high sensitivity. The rate of production of hydrogen peroxide is reported as a function of driving pressure amplitude. The degradation of an organic molecule, specifically the organic dye amaranth, within the sonochemical cell is also reported.     

Algebraic Operations and Generic Effects

Given a complete and cocomplete symmetric monoidal closed category V and a symmetric monoidal V-category C with cotensors and a strong V-monad T on C, we investigate axioms under which an Ob C-indexed family of operations of the form _x :(Tx) ^v (Tx) ^w provides semantics for algebraic operations on the computational -calculus. We recall a definition for which we have elsewhere given adequacy results, and we show that an enrichment of it is equivalent to a range of other possible natural definitions of algebraic operation. In particular, we define the notion of generic effect and show that to give a generic effect is equivalent to giving an algebraic operation. We further show how the usual monadic semantics of the computational -calculus extends uniformly to incorporate generic effects. We outline examples and non-examples and we show that our definition also enriches one for call-by-name languages with effects.     

Reflection anisotropy spectroscopy: A new probe for the solid-liquid interface

Introducing reflection anisotropy spectroscopy (RAS) as a new probe for solid-liquid interfaces, we present results for the Au(110)/electrolyte interface which serves as a model system. We demonstrate that RAS is sensitive to surface phase transitions, step morphology, and electronic surface states. Using an empirical approach, the RA spectra are reproduced and features are identified which reflect the known character of the bias voltage driven (2x1) to (1x1) phase transition. RAS is established as an experimental technique to probe the electronic structure of solid-liquid interfaces in real time to study a wide range of interface properties.     

GLOBAL CONVERGENCE OF NONMONOTONIC TRUST REGION ALGORITHM FOR NONLINEAR OPTIMIZATION

§ 1　 IntroductionIn this paper we study the following nonlinear equality constrained optimization prob-lem:minimize f(x) ,subjectto h(x) =0 ,(P)where h(x) =(h1 (x) ,h2 (x) ,...,hm(x) ) T,f and hi(i=1 ,2 ,...,m) are Rn→R twice conti-nously differentiable(m≤n) .Many authors have studied the problem(P) with trustregion method(see,references[1～ 3 ] ) .These methods have the same property:to enforce strict monotonicity for meritfunction at every iteration.Paper[4 ] shows thatstrictmonotonic …