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51.
Bramwell ST Christensen K Fortin J Holdsworth PC Jensen HJ Lise S Lopez JM Nicodemi M Pinton J Sellitto M 《Physical review letters》2000,84(17):3744-3747
The probability density function (PDF) of a global measure in a large class of highly correlated systems has been suggested to be of the same functional form. Here, we identify the analytical form of the PDF of one such measure, the order parameter in the low temperature phase of the 2D XY model. We demonstrate that this function describes the fluctuations of global quantities in other correlated equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems. These include a coupled rotor model, Ising and percolation models, models of forest fires, sandpiles, avalanches, and granular media in a self-organized critical state. We discuss the relationship with both Gaussian and extremal statistics. 相似文献
52.
Roberto Terzano Tanja Mimmo Bart Vekemans Laszlo Vincze Gerald Falkenberg Nicola Tomasi Magali Schnell Ramos Roberto Pinton Stefano Cesco 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2013,405(16):5411-5419
The development of highly brilliant synchrotron facilities all around the world is opening the way to new research in biological sciences including speciation studies of trace elements in plants. In this paper, for the first time, iron (Fe) speciation in xylem sap has been assessed by X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy at the highly brilliant synchrotron PETRA III, beamline P06. Both standard organic Fe-complexes and xylem sap samples of Fe-deficient tomato plants were analyzed. The high photon flux provided by this X-ray synchrotron source allows on one side to obtain good XANES spectra in a reasonable amount of time (approx. 15 min for 200 eV scan) at low Fe concentrations (sub parts-per-million), while on the other hand may cause radiation damage to the sample, despite the sample being cooled by a stream of liquid nitrogen vapor. Standard Fe-complexes such as Fe(III)-succinate, Fe(III)-α-ketoglutarate, and Fe(III)-nicotianamine are somehow degraded when irradiated with synchrotron X-rays and Fe(III) can undergo photoreduction. Degradation of the organic molecules was assessed by HPLC-UV/Vis analyses on the same samples investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). Fe speciation in xylem sap samples revealed Fe(III) to be complexed by citrate and acetate. Nevertheless, artifacts created by radiation damage cannot be excluded. The use of highly brilliant synchrotrons as X-ray sources for XAS analyses can dramatically increase the sensitivity of the technique for trace elements thus allowing their speciation in xylem sap. However, great attention must be paid to radiation damage, which can lead to biased results. Figure
Instrumental set-up for XANES measurements; Fe K-edge XANES spectrum for a xylem sap sample showing the determined Fe-speciation; chromatographic profile of the xylem sap sample showing organic acid composition 相似文献
53.
Millimeter-sized air bubbles rising through still water are known to exhibit zigzag and spiral oscillatory trajectories. We present a system of four ordinary differential equations which effectively model these dynamics. The model is based on Kirchhoff's equations and several physical arguments derived from our experimental observations. In the framework of this model, the zigzag and the spiral motions result from the same underlying bifurcation to wake instability. 相似文献