The Microwave Spectrum of Methyl Formate (HCOOCH3) in the Frequency Range from 7 to 200 GHz

The rotational spectrum of methyl formate (HCOOCH₃) has been observed in the frequency range from 7 to 200 GHz. We newly assigned 1612 lines in the ground torsional state and simultaneously analyzed both A- and E-species data including previously reported lines on the basis of the internal axis method. A total of 3077 lines were fitted to a 1σ standard deviation of 139 kHz, and molecular parameters were determined.     

Reduction of ion thermal diffusivity associated with the transition of the radial electric field in neutral-beam-heated plasmas in the large helical device

Recent large helical device experiments revealed that the transition from ion root to electron root occurred for the first time in neutral-beam-heated discharges, where no nonthermal electrons exist. The measured values of the radial electric field were found to be in qualitative agreement with those estimated by neoclassical theory. A clear reduction of ion thermal diffusivity was observed after the mode transition from ion root to electron root as predicted by neoclassical theory when the neoclassical ion loss is more dominant than the anomalous ion loss.     

Stereochemical control of microbial reduction. 2. Reduction of β-keto esters by immobilized bakers' yeast

Ketones in β-keto esters are reduced asymmetrically by immobilized bakers' yeast. The configuration and the enantiomer excess of the products are dramatically changed by the entrapment of yeast cells in dense polyurethane matrices.     

On the structure of the solution set of a third kind boundary value problem

We show that given any closed subset C of a real Banach space E, there is a continuous function f(t, x) which is Lipschitz continuous in its second variable such that the solution set of the corresponding third kind boundary value problem is homeomorphic to C (Theorem 1.1). In the special problem we give the infimum of Lipschitz constants L_f of such functions f(t, x) (Theorem 1.3).     

Weakly polar liquid crystal dispersed with hydrophobic and hydrophilic aerosils: a broadband dielectric study

Complex dielectric permittivities for parallel orientations of the director n, with the probing electric field E (E || n), of the weakly polar liquid crystal (LC) 4,4'-di-n-hexylazoxybenzene (D6AOB) dispersed with hydrophobic and hydrophilic aerosils, have been measured in the frequency range 20 Hz to 30 MHz. In the nematic phase of D6AOB dispersed with hydrophobic and hydrophilic aerosils, significant changes in the dielectric properties are observed. An additional slow process due to the restricted motion of the molecules in surface layers is observed for hydrophilic samples. The slow process is absent in the hydrophobic samples suggesting that in the LC-hydrophilic aerosils a surface layer is formed at the aerosil interface. The process does not depend on temperature and has a wide distribution of relaxation times. The bulk-like rotation around the short axis for D6AOB dispersed with hydrophilic aerosils has been modified significantly. It seems that this could be due to an overlap between the main bulk-like process and a hindered rotation of molecules around their long axes for molecules that are oriented perpendicular to the probing electric field.     

Oxygen nonstoichiometry and phase transitions of the neodymium-rich Nd1+xBa2−xCu3Oz solid solution

On the basis of chemical, thermal analysis and Cu K-edge X-ray absorption measurements, oxygen content in the Nd_1+xBa_2−xCu₃O_z solid solution was determined between 1000°C in air and 400°C in oxygen for x=0.05–0.9 compositions. It has been observed that the oxygen nonstoichiometry Δz of the Nd_1+xBa_2−xCu₃O_7+x/2−Δz solid solution decreases 2–2.5 times for a large substitution (Δz≈0.3–0.33 for x=0.9), despite of the acclaimed higher total oxygen content. The difference in nonstoichiometry is explained by a higher average value of the copper oxidation state (ACV), which is vital for the solid solution with large x even at elevated temperatures (ACV≈2–2.05 for x>0.3 at 1000°C, PO₂=0.21 atm). On the contrary, the ACV after complete oxygenation is almost constant (about 2.25–2.3) for the whole series. The x-dependence of the oxygen content is not monotonous and structural phase transitions can be observed at x=0.3 and x=0.6, as confirmed by the X-ray diffraction and the Raman scattering spectroscopy. The first well-known transition is connected with the oxygen disorder due to the Nd substitution for Ba at random Ba-sites. In the present work, it is proved by the apical oxygen mode broadening in Raman spectra. Ordering of the Nd and Ba atoms with a subsequent orthorhombic distortion of the lattice may occur even at 1000°C in air due to the second transformation at x≈0.6. The invariable orthorhombicity of the Nd-rich solid solution with x>0.6 is not caused by the oxygen absorption as in the x=0.05 case. Existence of high- and low-temperature orthorhombic modifications of this solid solution has been observed for the first time. Finally, a tentative 3D (z–x–T) diagram is suggested for the Nd_1+xBa_2−xCu₃O_z solid solution up to 1000°C in air, including the new x=0.6–0.9 region.     

Zur Theorie der Doppelbrechung bei nicht-kugelförmigen Kolloiden im Ultraschallfelde

Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Theorie der akustischen Doppelbrechung entwickelt. Es ist nämlich neuerdings von H. Kawamura nachgewiesen worden, daß Suspensionen nicht-kugelförmiger Teilchen im Ultraschallfelde anisotrop, d. h. doppelbrechend werden. Wie beim elektrooptischen Kerr-Effekt wird die optische Anisotropie der Richtwirkung der Ultraschallwellen auf anisodimensionale Teilchen zugeschrieben. Für verdünnte Suspensionen scheibchenförmiger Teilchen werden Formeln abgeleitet, welche den Grad der Doppelbrechung aus der Ultraschallintensität und den für die Suspension charakteristischen Größen zu berechnen gestatten. Wie auf Grund der Orientierungstheorie zu erwarten, erhält man für sehr starke Ultraschallintensitäten eine Sättigungserscheinung. Die Theorie könnte auch zur optischen Messung von Ultraschallintensitäten angewendet werden.Den Herren Professoren T. Sakai und M. Kotani bin ich für wertvolle Diskussionen zu Dank verpflichtet.     

Fine and hyperfine structures of heavy quarkonia and perturbative quantum chromodynamics

Spectroscopies of the heavy quarkonia, \(c\bar c\) , \(b\bar b\) and \(t\bar t\) , are analysed with a potential model. Relativistic effects are taken into account and spin dependent interactions are investigated in detail. We propose a flavor independent potential which has a Lorentz vector term determined by the perturbative QCD at short distances and a Lorentz scalar term confining quarks at large distances. It is stressed that the short range attenuation of the vector Coulomb potential has significant effects on the fine and hyperfine structures of the \(c\bar c\) and \(b\bar b\) systems, and also on the \(t\bar t\) level structure. We study the decay property of the \(t\bar t\) system using the calculated wave functions.     

Synthesis of Indole Derivatives by [2 + 2] Photocycloaddition of Indoline-2-thiones with alkenes and photodesulfurization of indoline-2-thiones

The photochemical synthesis of indole derivatives starting from the indoline-2-thiones 1 is described. Irradiation of indoline-2-thiones 1 in the presence of alkenes 3 gave 2-alkyl-3H-indoles 4 – 7 or 2-alkylindoles 8 – 22 through the ring cleavage of the intermediates, spirocyclic amino-thietanes, initially derived by [2 + 2] cycloaddition of the C?S bond of 1 and the C?C bond of 3 . Irradiation of 1 in the presence of trialkylamines 26 gave desulfurization products 27 – 32 and unexpected 3-alkylindoles 33 – 40 . N-Acylindoline-2-thiones 11 - p yielded the deacylated products, indoline-2-thiones 1a - b , and ethyl esters 43 through γ-H abstraction by the excited thioamide S-atom when irradiated in CDC1₃/EtOH or benzene/EtOH. Oxygen analogues 2a - d also underwent intramolecular H abstraction to give the indolin-2-ones 2e – f and ethyl esters 43 in a similar way.