High sensitivity CW-cavity ring down spectroscopy of water in the region of the 1.5 μm atmospheric window

The absorption spectrum of natural water vapour around 1.5 μm has been recorded with a typical sensitivity of 5 × 10⁻¹⁰ cm⁻¹ by using a CW-cavity ring down spectroscopy set up based on fibred DFB lasers. A series of 31 DFB lasers has allowed a full coverage of the 6130.8-6748.5 cm⁻¹ (1.63-1.48 μm) region corresponding to the H transparency band of the atmosphere. The line parameters (wavenumber and intensity) of a total of 5190 lines, including 4247 lines of water vapor, were derived by a one by one fit of the lines to a Voigt profile. Different isotopologues of water (H₂¹⁶O, H₂¹⁸O, H₂¹⁷O, and HD¹⁶O) present in natural abundance in the sample contribute to the spectrum. For the main isotopologue, H₂¹⁶O, 2130 lines were measured with line intensities as weak as 10⁻²⁹ cm/molecule while only 926 lines (including a proportion of 30% inaccurate calculated lines) with a minimum intensity of 3 × 10⁻²⁷ cm/molecule are provided by the HITRAN and GEISA databases. Our comparison in the whole 5750-7965 cm⁻¹ region, has also evidenced that an error in the process of conversion of the intensity units from cm⁻²/atm to cm⁻¹/(molecule × cm⁻²) at 296 K, has led to H₂¹⁶O line intensities values listed in the HITRAN-2000 database, systematically 8 % below the original FTS values. The rovibrational assignment was performed on the basis of the ab initio calculations by Schwenke and Partridge with a subsequent refinement and validation using the Ritz combination principle together with all previously measured water transitions relevant to this study. This procedure allowed determining 172, 139, 71, and 115 new energy levels for the H₂¹⁶O, H₂¹⁸O, H₂¹⁷O, and HD¹⁶O isotopologues, respectively. The results are compared with the available databases and discussed in regard of previous investigations by Fourier transform spectroscopy. The spectrum analysis has showed that most of the transitions which cannot be assigned to water are very weak and are due to impurities such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, leaving only about 3% of the observed transitions unassigned. The interest of a detailed knowledge of water absorption for trace detectors developed in the 1.5 μm range is underlined: for instance HDO contributes significantly to the considered spectrum while no HDO line parameters are provided by the HITRAN database.     

Fixed Point Theorems on Product Topological Spaces and Applications

A new collectively fixed point theorem for a family of set-valued mappings defined on product spaces of non-compact topological spaces without linear structure is proved and some special cases are also discussed. As applications, some non-empty intersection theorems of sets with convex sections and equilibrium existence theorem of abstract economies are obtained under much weaker assumptions. Our results includes a number of known results as many special cases.     

Copper(II) trimethylacetate complexes with 3,5-dimethylpyrazole

Specific features of the chemical behavior and structure of copper(II) trimethylacetate complexes with 3,5-dimethylpyrazole have been considered based on X-ray crystallographic data.     

Analysis of iron storage proteins in chicken liver and spleen tissues in comparison with human liver ferritin by Mössbauer spectroscopy

Summary Characterization of iron storage proteins in liver and spleen from normal chicken and chicken with lymphoid leukemia in comparison with human liver ferritin were considered by M?ssbauer spectroscopy (preliminary results). Small differences in M?ssbauer hyperfine parameters for both normal and lymphoid leukemia chicken liver and spleen were observed. The value of quadrupole splitting for human liver ferritin was higher than those for chicken tissues. A decrease of iron content in lymphoid leukemia chicken tissues was also found, however, the reason of this fact (pathology or feeding) was not clear yet.     

On the use of enzyme adsorption and specific hydrolysis rate to characterize thermal-chemical pretreatment

Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology - The pseudo enzyme adsorption isotherm of the pretreated substrate is used to estimate the pretreatment’s effectiveness in generating accessible...     

Synthesis of 1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro[1,4]thiazino[3,4,-a]-isoquinolin-4-one,an analog of prasiquantel

Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 7, pp. 994–996, July, 1992.     

Theory of a frequency-step-tunable gyrotron for optimum plasma ECRH

A theory is presented which describes the dependence of the multimode operation of a gyrotron on the modulation and beam voltages. Nonlinear nonstationary processes are considered. An approximate start-up scenario of a gyrotron is determined which makes it possible to achieve single-mode excitation and high-efficiency operation in a desired mode, as well as to switch the tube to a similar operation in other modes     

NONLOCAL INITIAL PROBLEM FOR NONLINEAR NONAUTONOMOUS DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS IN A BANACH SPACE

The nonlocal initial problem for nonlinear nonautonomous evolution equati-ons in a Banach space is considered. It is assumed that the nonlinearities havethe local Lipschitz properties. The existence and uniqueness of mild solutionsare proved. Applications to integro-differential equations are discussed.The main tool in the paper is the normalizing mapping (the generalizednorm).