The mechanism of photoreductiom of cyclohexenones to cyclohexanones in isopropyl alcohol

The photoreduction of cyclohexenones in 2-propanol is initiated by H-abstraction at C_β of the enone ³π, π* state, as shown by the reaction course in deuterated solvents.     

Global forecast model to predict the daily dose of the solar erythemally effective UV radiation

A worldwide forecast of the erythemally effective ultraviolet (UV) radiation is presented. The forecast was established to inform the public about the expected amount of erythemally effective UV radiation for the next day. Besides the irradiance, the daily dose is forecasted to enable people to choose the appropriate sun protection tools. Following the UV Index as the measure of global erythemally effective irradiance, the daily dose is expressed in units of UV Index hours. In this study, we have validated the model and the forecast against measurements from broadband UV radiometers of the Robertson-Berger type. The measurements were made at four continents ranging from the northern polar circle (67.4 degrees N) to the Antarctic coast (61.1 degrees S). As additional quality criteria the frequency of underestimation was taken into account because the forecast is a tool of radiation protection and made to avoid overexposure. A value closer than one minimal erythemal dose for the most sensitive skin type 1 to the observed value was counted as hit and greater deviations as underestimation or overestimation. The Austrian forecast model underestimates the daily dose in 3.7% of all cases, whereas 1.7% results from the model and 2.0% from the assumed total ozone content. The hit rate could be found in the order of 40%.     

Spin wave vortex from the scattering on Bloch point solitons

The interaction of a spin wave with a stationary Bloch point is studied. The topological non-trivial structure of the Bloch point manifests in the propagation of spin waves endowing them with a gauge potential that resembles the one associated with the interaction of a magnetic monopole and an electron. By pursuing this analogy, we are led to the conclusion that the scattering of spin waves and Bloch points is accompanied by the creation of a magnon vortex. Interference between such a vortex and a plane wave leads to dislocations in the interference pattern that can be measurable by means of magnon holography.     

Cryptanalysis of a discrete-time synchronous chaotic encryption system

Recently a chaotic cryptosystem based on discrete-time synchronization has been proposed. Some weaknesses of that new encryption system are addressed and exploited in order to successfully cryptanalyze the system.