Decompositions of theM/M/1 transition function

Two decompositions are established for the probability transition function of the queue length process in the M/M/1 queue by a simple probabilistic argument. The transition function is expressed in terms of a zero-avoiding probability and a transition probability to zero in two different ways. As a consequence, the M/M/1 transition function can be represented as a positive linear combination of convolutions of the busy-period density. These relations provide insight into the transient behavior and facilitate establishing related results, such as inequalities and asymptotic behavior.     

Rhodium/chiral diene-catalyzed asymmetric 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to arylmethylene cyanoacetates

Asymmetric 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to (E)-methyl 2-cyano-3-arylpropenoates proceeded in the presence of a rhodium catalyst (3 mol %) coordinated with a chiral diene ligand, (R,R)-Ph-bod*, to give high yields of the corresponding methyl 3,3-diaryl-2-cyanopropanoates with high enantioselectivity (up to 99% ee). This catalytic asymmetric transformation was applied to the asymmetric synthesis of (R)-tolterodine.     

An extension of the Wang transform derived from Bühlmann’s economic premium principle for insurance risk

It is well known that the Wang transform [Wang, S.S., 2002. A universal framework for pricing financial and insurance risks. Astin Bull. 32, 213–234] for the pricing of financial and insurance risks is derived from Bühlmann’s economic premium principle [Bühlmann, H., 1980. An economic premium principle. Astin Bull. 11, 52–60]. The transform is extended to the multivariate setting by [Kijima M., 2006. A multivariate extension of equilibrium pricing transforms: The multivariate Esscher and Wang transforms for pricing financial and insurance risks, Astin Bull. 36, 269–283]. This paper further extends the results to derive a class of probability transforms that are consistent with Bühlmann’s pricing formula. The class of transforms is extended to the multivariate setting by using a Gaussian copula, while the multiperiod extension is also possible within the equilibrium pricing framework.     

Self-organization of surfactant-metal-ion complex nanofibers on graphite surfaces and their application to fibrously concentrated platinum nanoparticle formation

We report the fabrication of self-organized surfactant nanofibers containing platinum ions on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface from mixed solutions of hexadecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (C16TAOH) and hydrogen hexachloroplatinate (IV) (H2PtCl6). The fibrous surfactant self-assembly was stable in air, even after being soaked in water, in contrast to surfactant hemicylindrical micelles, which are stable only at graphite/solution interfaces. The results show that the graphite surface served as an essential template for the specific formation of fibrous surfactant self-assemblies. In addition, when surfactant nanofibers containing metal ions were treated with hydrazine, platinum nanoparticles concentrated in the nanofibers formed on the HOPG surface. We also prepared surfactant nanofibers containing gold ions on HOPG surfaces and formed gold nanoparticles in the nanofibers.     

Sodium D2 resonance radiation in single-pass sum-frequency generation with actively mode-locked Nd:YAG lasers

We report on a sodium D(2) resonance coherent light source achieved in single-pass sum-frequency generation in periodically poled MgO-doped stoichiometric lithium tantalate with actively mode-locked Nd:YAG lasers. Mode-locked pulses at 1064 and 1319 nm are synchronized with a time resolution of 37 ps with the phase adjustment of the radio frequencies fed to acousto-optic mode lockers. An output power of 4.6 W at 589.1586 nm is obtained, and beam quality near the diffraction limit is also achieved in a simple design.     

Supercooling behavior in aqueous solutions

Using the emulsion method, we measured the homogeneous nucleation temperature depression, DeltaT(f,hom), and equilibrium melting points depression, DeltaT(m), of various aqueous solutions and then calculated lambda for each solute using the linear relationship DeltaT(f,hom) = lambdaDeltaT(m). We defined lambda as the solute-specific supercooling capacity and examined its correlation with some known hydration characteristics. The results showed that lambda is correlated with D0, the self-diffusion coefficient of solute molecules in infinite dilution.     

Synchronization of plant circadian oscillators with a phase delay effect of the vein network

Synchronization phenomena in coupled circadian oscillators of plant leaves were investigated experimentally using bioluminescence technology for a clock gene. Analyzing the phase of circadian oscillation, the phase-wave propagations and the phase delay caused by the vein network were observed. We describe these phase dynamics using a two-layer model with coupled Stuart-Landau equations. Global synchronization of circadian oscillators in the leaf is also investigated.     

meso,β‐Oligohaloporphyrins as Useful Synthetic Intermediates of Diphenylamine‐Fused Porphyrin and meso‐to‐meso β‐to‐β Doubly Butadiyne‐Bridged Diporphyrin

The chlorination of β‐halo or β,β‐dihaloporphyrins with 2‐chloro‐1,3‐bis(methoxycarbonyl)guanidine (Palau′Chlor) proceeded selectively at the neighboring unsubstituted meso position to afford meso,β‐dihalo or meso,β,β‐trihaloporphyrins. Such oligohaloporphyrins are useful platforms for constructing more‐elaborate porphyrin‐based extended π systems. For example, meso‐chloro‐β,β‐diiodoporphyrin participated in an efficient single‐step synthesis of a diphenylamine‐fused porphyrin. In addition, meso‐chloro‐β‐iodoporphyrin was transformed in stepwise fashion into an efficiently conjugated meso‐to‐meso,β‐to‐β doubly butadiyne‐linked porphyrin dimer, a system which was previously difficult to access without such haloporphyrin precursors.     

Amphiphilic Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Zeotype Aluminosilicate like a Nanoporous Crystallized Langmuir–Blodgett Film

A new organic–inorganic hybrid zeotype compound with amphiphilic one‐dimensional nanopore and aluminosilicate composition was developed. The framework structure is composed of double aluminosilicate layers and 12‐ring nanopores; a hydrophilic layer pillared by Q² silicon atom species and a lipophilic layer pillared by phenylene groups are alternately stacked, and 12‐ring nanopores perpendicularly penetrate the layers. The framework topology looks similar to that of an AFI‐type zeolite but possesses a quasi‐multidimensional pore structure consisting of a 12‐ring channel and intersecting small pores equivalent to 8‐rings. The hybrid material with alternately laminated lipophilic and hydrophilic nanospaces can be assumed as a crystallized Langmuir–Blodgett film. It demonstrates microporous adsorption for both hydrophilic and lipophilic adsorptives, and its outer surface tightly adsorbs lysozyme whose molecular size is much larger than its micropore opening. Our results suggest the possibility of designing porous adsorbent with high amphipathicity.     

Controlling photochromism between fluoroalkyl end-capped oligomer/polyaniline and N,N'-diphenyl-1,4-phenylenediamine nanocomposites induced by UV-light-responsive titanium oxide nanoparticles

Debundling and selective dispersion of semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) has been demonstrated using a neutral pH water soluble chitosan derivative, N-acetylated chitosan (NACHI), which is synthesized by controlled N-acetylation of chitosan using acetic anhydride. The SWNT-NACHI supernatant solution demonstrated semiconductor-enriched property owing to the preferential adsorption of N-groups of the NACHI on semiconducting nanotubes with a fairly weak charge transfer. The dispersion of nearly individualized SWNTs achieved by surface modification of nanotubes with a biocompatible polymer can be utilized for electronic and biomedical applications such as field effect transistor, biosensor, cell culture medium and SWNT-biomacromolecule hybrid materials.