Electro-optic fiber sensor for amplitude and phase detection of radio frequency electromagnetic fields

We present a miniature fiber-optic electromagnetic field (EMF) sensor that is capable of simultaneously detecting the amplitude and phase of an EMF in the range of 0.1-6 GHz. We focus on magnetic field measurements, since the H-field is more significant in our target applications due its direct relation to the current. The sensor is based on an open optical platform to which various antennas can be attached and contains a radio-frequency amplifier for signal conditioning and a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser as an electro-optic converter. The millimeter size and the full electrical isolation of the sensor allow EMF detection with minimal disturbance. We have characterized the sensor in the near field of a lambda/2 dipole, a rectangular waveguide, and a microstrip line, and we explain the experimental results with a simple theoretical model confirming the mapped near-field distribution of the investigated field source.     

Zur Methodik der Autoradiographie im Elektronenmikroskop

Die elektronenmikroskopische Autoradiographie erlaubt unter Ausmutzung des hohen Auflösungsvermögens des Elektronenmikroskops eine exakte Lokalisierung radioaktiver Verbindungen in Präparaten. Voraussetzung dafür ist die Herstellung einer Einkornschicht des Silberhalogenids aus einer vorgegebenen Filmemulsion. Diese Einkornschicht mit möglichst gleichmäßiger Silberhalogenidverteilung muß dann auf das radioaktive Objekt aufgebracht werden. Nach einer Übersicht über die Versuchsmethode werden Untersuchungen zur Präparation von Silberhalogenid-Einkornschichten aus den Emulsionen ORWO K 2, K 5, K 6, Ilford L 4 und Gevaert Nuc 7.15 für die elektronenmikroskopische Autoradiographie dargestellt.     

Modellrechnungen zur Isotopentrennung durch Multiphotonen-Photodissoziation von Molekülen

Für stoßfreie SF₆-Moleküle werden Mulltiphotonen-Photofragmentierungswahrscheinlichkeiten im intensiven IR-LASER-Feld berechnet einschließlich der Isotopenselektivität derartiger Prozesse in Abhängigkeit von der eingestrahlten LASER-Linie, der Leistungsdichte, dem Impulsprofil und der Temperatur. Über ein quantenmechanisches Modell werden die Rotationsschtwingungsniveaus des SF₆-Moleküls, die Verstimmung zwischen LASER- und Molekülschwin-gungsfrequenz und die intramolekulare Schwingungsrelaxation berücksichtigt.     

Sonochemical effectiveness factor (eUS) in the reactors for wastewater treatment by sono-Fenton oxidation: Novel considerations

A comprehensive algorithm was recently proposed for calculation of the sonochemical effectiveness factor and wastewater treatment modeling. The presented approach implies that ultrasound is an auxiliary source of free radicals in Fenton type reactions; introduction of ultrasound represents an enhancement of pollutant degradation rates. The sonochemical effectiveness factor was introduced in kinetic models as the e_US factor (Gr?i? et al., 2012 [1]). As a substantial follow-up, this study presents novel considerations. The e_US factor was modeled as a function of employed frequency, actual cavitation-related power intensity of ultrasound and a portion of the cavitationally active zone, i.e. dimensionless active volume. The effect of temperature was disregarded in the present model considerations. Cavitationally active zone in reactors was determined based on the erosion of aluminum foil, resulting in cone-shaped space arising from transducer.In the present study, sonochemical treatment of industrial wastewater containing HCOONa as organic pollutant was performed using different equipment: ultrasonic baths (UB1, UB2 and UB3), cylindrical reactor with homogenizer (HCR) and three-frequency hexagonal cell, i.e. ultrasonic pilot reactor prototype (PP). Explored frequency range was from 20 to 120 kHz. Homogeneous and heterogeneous Fenton-type sonochemical processes, US/Fe(II)(FeSO₄,aq.)/H₂O₂ and US/Fe(II)(steel-plate)/H₂O₂, respectively, applied to industrial wastewater were investigated in terms of mineralization kinetics. Newly modeled e_US factor was introduced in corresponding kinetic models and the overall model was validated. Kinetic parameters of Fenton process were treated as independent of ultrasound, since e_US factor consists of cavitation-related phenomena responsible for the mineralization rate enhancement. In average, a 21% increase of mineralization efficiency was achieved using a single frequency, while more than 70% increase can be achieved by combining 20, 68 and 120 kHz in PP.     

Which stresses affect the glide of screw dislocations in bcc metals?

By direct application of stress in molecular statics calculations we identify the stress components that affect the glide of 1/2?111? screw dislocations in bcc tungsten. These results prove that the hydrostatic stress and the normal stress parallel to the dislocation line do not play any role in the dislocation glide. Therefore, the Peierls stress of the dislocation cannot depend directly on the remaining two normal stresses that are perpendicular to the dislocation but, instead, on their combination that causes an equibiaxial tension-compression (and thus shear) in the plane perpendicular to the dislocation line. The Peierls stress of 1/2?111? screw dislocations then depends only on the orientation of the plane in which the shear stress parallel to the Burgers vector is applied and on the magnitude and orientation of the shear stress perpendicular to the slip direction.