Autodetection of a Target by Eye Movement

Locating an unknown object position in a map by information stored in the unconscious mind is important from practical point of view. Locating captives, bomb, or terrorist secret bases by interrogation is problem that the intelligent agencies face daily. The person interrogated may have the desired information stored in unconscious or may not know it at all. In this article, we will present a novel way of retrieving the object location based on eye movement. The technique is based on a Bayesian mathematical approach to localization, in which measured count rates of eye fixation and duration, the probability of the location of the target is correlated with the count rate and drops as the distance increases from the fixation location. We focused on the discrete model and then generalized it to continuous model. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 452–459, 2016     

Energy landscape of a simple model for strong liquids

We calculate the statistical properties of the energy landscape of a minimal model for strong network-forming liquids. Dynamic and thermodynamic properties of this model can be computed with arbitrary precision even at low temperatures. A degenerate disordered ground state and logarithmic statistics for the local minima energy distribution are the landscape signatures of strong liquid behavior. Differences from fragile liquid properties are attributed to the presence of a discrete energy scale, provided by the particle bonds, and to the intrinsic degeneracy of topologically disordered networks.     

Reaction of CpRu(PPh3)2Cl with six-member cyclothioethers. Structures of the [CpRu(PPh3) x L]Y complexes (L = pentamethylene sulfide, x = 2, Y = BF4 −; L = 1,3-dithiane; 1,3,5-trithiane, x = 2, Y = CF3SO3 −; L = 1,4-dithiane, x = 1, Y = BF4 −)

The synthesis of a series of ruthenium complexes with cyclothioether ligands is reported. The compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction techniques. The molecular structures of [CpRu(PPh₃)₂(pms)]BF₄ (1), [CpRu(PPh₃)₂(1,3-dithiane)]OTfl (2), [CpRu(PPh₃)₂(1,3,5-trithiane)]OTfl (3), and [CpRu(PPh₃)(1,4-dithiane)]BF₄ (4) show chelation occurs only when the sulfur atoms are separated by at least two C atoms, creating a ligand bite size large enough to chelate. Cell parameters: 1, space group P2₁/c, a = 14.601(4), b = 19.102(10), c = 14.751(7) Å, β = 98.28(3)^○; 2, space group P2₁/c, a = 12.859(7), b = 15.576(3), c = 22.126(11) Å, β = 102.22(4)^○; 3, space group P2₁/c, a = 12.7320(20), b = 15.571(5), c = 22.287(4) Å, β = 101.812(14)^○; 4, space group Pbca, a = 11.2010(10), b = 16.321(7), c = 28.966(4) Å. Compounds 2 and 3 are X-ray isomorphous. The Ru–S bond lengths range from 2.341(3), 2.365(3) Å in compound 4 to 2.382(4) Å in compound 2. Upon chelation (compound 4), with subsequent loss of PPh₃, the Ru–P bond shortens to 2.327(3) Å. This may be due to reduced steric hindrance about the Ru atom. No evidence for C–S bond lengthening is observed.     

Hemisynthesis and structural characterization of flavanol‐(4,8)‐vitisins by mass spectrometry

Vitisins constitute the major group of pyranoanthocyanins naturally occurring in red wines. Regarding their chemical structure, only carboxypyranoanthocyanins have been detected and quantified in red wines, but no vitisin with substitutions in the carbons of the A ring has been identified. However, considering the chemical reactions that take place in red wine, the existence of flavan‐3‐ol‐(4,6/8)‐vitisins is expected. This paper reports for the first time the structural identification of catechin‐vitisin A and catechin‐vitisin B based on their mass data and fragmentation patterns. This work also provides some chromatographic and visible spectroscopic features of these pigments and documents the existence of both in red table wines. Moreover, it is also proposed that Cat‐Vit A pigments arise from the cycloaddition of pyruvic acid to an anthocyanin moiety of a flavanol‐anthocyanin adduct rather than by direct nucleophilic attack of a vitisin A on the carbocation C₄ of catechin. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stereoselective syntheses of enantiomerically pure 2,5-disubstituted dihydropyrans based on olefin metathesis

A short synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted dihydropyrans starting from d-mannitol as a chiral building block is described. Our synthetic approach combines ruthenium-catalyzed ring closing olefin metathesis and palladium-catalyzed nucleophilic substitution.     

New FTS measurements, optimized energy levels and refined VUV standards in the Ne III spectrum

All observed spectral lines of Ne III in the range 204 ? to 36 μm (277 cm^-1 to 490000 cm^-1) have been compiled and critically evaluated. 57 visible and ultraviolet lines of Ne III have been precisely measured using Fourier transform spectroscopy. An optimized level scheme has been derived from the total list of observed lines. Relative positions of about 180 out of a total of 226 previously known energy levels of Ne III have been determined with improved accuracy compared to previous studies. Excitation energies of almost all excited levels have been revised by (1.5–2.0) cm^-1. 127 precise wavelength standards in the region 210 ? to 2900 ? have been derived. Concepts of error current and covariance matrix have been implemented in a computational algorithm that permits one to derive the uncertainties of Ritz wavelength standards obtained from a set of least-squares-optimized energy levels. Nine new energy levels have been found, and 16 new transitions have been identified in the extreme ultraviolet region. The ionization potential has been increased by 4.5 cm^-1. The new value is ( ( ).     

A gradient-augmented level set method with an optimally local,coherent advection scheme

The level set approach represents surfaces implicitly, and advects them by evolving a level set function, which is numerically defined on an Eulerian grid. Here we present an approach that augments the level set function values by gradient information, and evolves both quantities in a fully coupled fashion. This maintains the coherence between function values and derivatives, while exploiting the extra information carried by the derivatives. The method is of comparable quality to WENO schemes, but with optimally local stencils (performing updates in time by using information from only a single adjacent grid cell). In addition, structures smaller than the grid size can be located and tracked, and the extra derivative information can be employed to obtain simple and accurate approximations to the curvature. We analyze the accuracy and the stability of the new scheme, and perform benchmark tests.     

A Correction Function Method for Poisson problems with interface jump conditions

In this paper we present a method to treat interface jump conditions for constant coefficients Poisson problems that allows the use of standard “black box” solvers, without compromising accuracy. The basic idea of the new approach is similar to the Ghost Fluid Method (GFM). The GFM relies on corrections applied on nodes located across the interface for discretization stencils that straddle the interface. If the corrections are solution-independent, they can be moved to the right-hand-side (RHS) of the equations, producing a problem with the same linear system as if there were no jumps, only with a different RHS. However, achieving high accuracy is very hard (if not impossible) with the “standard” approaches used to compute the GFM correction terms.     

Drop formation from a wettable nozzle

The process of drop formation from a nozzle can be seen in many natural systems and engineering applications. However, previous research focuses on the pinch-off mechanism of drops from a non-wettable nozzle. Here we investigate the formation of a liquid droplet from a wettable nozzle. In the experiments, drops forming from a wettable nozzle initially climb the outer walls of the nozzle due to surface tension. Then, when the weight of the drops gradually increases, they eventually fall due to gravity. By changing the parameters such as the nozzle size and fluid flow rate, we have observed different behaviors of the droplets. Such oscillatory behavior is characterized by an equation that consists of capillary force, viscous drag, and gravity. Two asymptotic solutions in the initial and later stages of drop formation are obtained and show good agreement with the experimental observations.