On flow structure, heat transfer and pressure drop in varying aspect ratio two-pass rectangular channel with ribs at 45°

To increase the thermal efficiency of gas turbines, inlet temperature of gas is increased. This results in the requirement of cooling of gas turbine blades and vanes. Internal cooling of gas turbine blades and vanes is one of several options. Two-pass channels are provided with ribs to enhance heat transfer at the expense of an increased pressure drop. The space in the blade is limited and requires channels with small aspect ratios. Numerical simulations have been performed to investigate heat transfer, flow field and pressure loss in a two-pass channel equipped with 45° ribs with aspect ratio (W_in/H) equal to 1:3 in the inlet pass and 1:1 in the outlet pass with both connected together with a 180° bend. The results are compared with a higher aspect ratio channel (W_in/H = 1:2, inlet pass). In the ribbed channel, a decrease in pressure drop was observed with a decrease in the aspect ratio of the channel. The smaller aspect ratio channel not only allows using more cooling channels in the blade, but also results in more heat transfer enhancement. The divider-to-tip wall distance (W_el) has influence on the pressure drop, as well as on the heat transfer enhancement at the bend and outlet pass. Heat transfer decreases with decrease in aspect ratio of the inlet pass of the two-pass channel. With increase in divider-to-tip wall distance, heat transfer tries to attain a constant value.     

Synthesis of magnetically modified mesoporous nanoparticles and their application in simultaneous determination of Pb(II), Cd(II) and Cu(II)

In this study, a novel adsorbent from a mesoporous family (MCM-41) coating with CoFe₂O₄ and piperazine was synthesized by a simple and easy route. Its application for simultaneous preconcentration of three heavy metals including lead, cadmium and copper in real samples followed by a flame atomic absorption spectroscopy was investigated. The central composite design was employed for investigating the most effective factors of pH, amount of adsorbent, the equilibrium time and their interactions. Under the optimum conditions, the detection limits for lead, cadmium and copper were 0.50, 0.30 and 0.25 μg L^?1, respectively, and the preconcentration factor (PF) was 33. The presented method was successfully employed for the simultaneous determination of the three mentioned heavy metals in real samples with recoveries of 90%–105%. The accuracy of the suggested methods was also investigated through spiking samples and a reasonable range for recoveries from 90.3% to 107% was acquired. The isotherm models and thermodynamic parameters have also been studied. The new adsorbent showed fast adsorption kinetics within 10 min and maximum Langmuir monolayer capacities of 238.09, 178.57 and 208.33 mg g^?1 for lead, cadmium and copper, respectively.     

Synthesis and surface-active properties of the fatty acid N-methylethylolamides and their phosphate derivatives

N-Methylethylolamides have been synthesized on the basis of vegetable oils (corn, coconut, canola, olive, cotton-seed, and palm) and modified with orthophosphoric acid. The structure of the synthesized N-methylethylolamides and their phosphate derivatives has been identified by IR and NMR spectroscopies. Surface activity of the N-methylethylolamides and their derivatives at the water–air border has been determined and their colloidal-chemical parameters (maximum surface excess concentration and minimum area per molecule at the aqueous solution–air interface, surface pressure at the critical micellization concentration (CMC), standard thermodynamic parameters of adsorption and micellization) have been calculated. The character of influence of the surfactants structure on their colloidal-chemical parameter has been clarified. The petroleum-collecting and petroleum-dispersing capacities of the synthesized surfactants have been studied on the surface of the water of various mineralization degrees.