An explanation of the beam dump experiment

The production of prompt neutrinos in the beam dump experiment is explained in a cluster model, by postulating the emission of strange clusters in hadron collisions, besides the usual non-strange clusters. The low mass strange clusters can decay only by the weak interaction. The leptonic and semi-leptonic decay modes of these clusters give rise to prompt neutrinos. A prediction of the model is that the ratios <v _e>/π ⁺ at PS energies would be the same as SPS energies.     

Output characteristics of a 400 MW Nd:glass laser system

The paper discusses the performance characteristics of a Nd: glass laser system designed for laser produced plasma studies. It consists of aQ-switched oscillator followed by two amplifier stages. The output behaviour of the oscillator, i.e. laser pulse duration, peak power and optimum coupling, has been studied and is in good agreement with theory. Gain characteristics of amplifiers were obtained as a function of various parameters. Energies in excess of 7 J with pulse durations as small as 18 nsec were obtained giving rise to 400 MW peak power.     

Studies toward the total synthesis of angelmicin B (hibarimicin B): synthesis of a model CD-D' arylnaphthoquinone

[structure: see text] A synthesis of arylnaphthoquinone 22 corresponding to the CD-D' unit of angelmicin B via the Suzuki coupling of the D' arylboronic acid 15 with the CD bromonaphthoquinone 21 is described. The mild conditions for the Suzuki cross-coupling leading to 22 may prove to be useful for the eventual late-stage coupling of the two highly functionalized halves of angelmicin B.     

Return to return point memory

We describe a new class of systems exhibiting return point memory (RPM), different from those discussed before in the context of ferromagnets. We show numerically that one-dimensional random Ising antiferromagnets have exact RPM when evolving from a large field, but not when started at finite field, unlike the ferromagnetic case. This implies that the standard approach to understanding ferromagnetic RPM will fail for this case. We also demonstrate RPM with a set of variables that keeps track of spin flips at each site. Conventional RPM for the spins is a projection of this result, suggesting that spin flip variables might be a more fundamental representation of the dynamics. We also present a mapping that embeds the antiferromagnetic chain in a two-dimensional ferromagnet, and prove RPM for spin-exchange dynamics in the interior of the chain with this mapping.     

Non-similar solutions of free convection flow over a vertical frustum of a cone for constant wall temperature

Summary The laminar free convection flow and heat transfer over a vertical frustum of a cone is studied. The governing boundary layer equations are solved using local non-similarity method for constant wall temperature case. Local similarity and the local non-similarity two- and three-equation models are constructed and the resulting equations are solved numerically. Results obtained from two- and three-equation models are in good agreement. The numerical values of the flow and temperature functions required to calculate the surface skin friction and heat transfer rate have been reported for various values of Prandtl numbers.

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Nichtähnlichkeits-Lösnngen für die freie Konvektionsströmung an einem vertikalen Kegelstumpf bei konstanter Wandtemperatur

Übersicht Untersucht wird die laminare freie Konvektionsströmung und der Wärmeübergang an einem vertikalen Kegelstumpf. Zur Lösung der zugehörigen Grenzschichtgleichungen im Fall konstanter Wandtemperatur werden die Modelle der lokalen Ähnlichkeit und der lokalen Nichtähnlichkeit mit zwei bzw. drei Gleichungen eingeführt und die sich ergebenden Gleichungen numerisch gelöst. Die Lösungen nach den Modellen mit zwei und drei Gleichungen passen gut zusammen. Die Zahlenwerte von Strom- und Temperaturfunktionen, die für die Berechnung der Wandschubspannung und der Wärmeübergangsrate benötigt werden, sind für verschiedene Werte der Prandtl-Zahl angegeben.

     

Characteristic noise features in light transmission across membrane protein undergoing photocycle

We demonstrate a technique based on noise measurements which can be utilized to study dynamical processes in protein assembly. Direct visualization of dynamics in membrane protein system such as bacteriorhodopsin (bR) upon photostimulation are quite challenging. bR represents a model system where the stimulus-triggered structural dynamics and biological functions are directly correlated. Our method utilizes a pump-probe near field microscopy method in the transmission mode and involves analyzing the transmittance fluctuations from a finite size of molecular assembly. Probability density distributions indicating the effects of finite size and statistical correlations appear as a characteristic frequency distribution in the noise spectra of bR whose origin can be traced to photocycle kinetics. Valuable insight into the molecular processes were obtained from the noise studies of bR and its mutant D96N as a function of external parameters such as temperature, humidity or presence of an additional pump source.     

Total Synthesis of the Postulated Structure of Fulicineroside

A total synthesis of the proposed structures of fulicineroside and its aglycone fulicinerine is reported. The tetrasubstituted dibenzofuran substructure was accessible either through a Pd‐mediated ortho‐metalation or by an Ir‐catalyzed meta‐borylation. The synthesis of the β,β,α‐linked trisaccharide consisting of D ‐olivose, L ‐rhodinose, and L ‐rhamnose was challenged by the unprecedented β‐linked rhodinose. A Pd‐catalyzed β‐selective glycosylation of a 4‐epi‐rhodinose and a subsequent Mitsunobu inversion provided selectively the β‐linked L ‐rhodinose‐L ‐rhamnose disaccharide. Comparison with the reported data for the natural product and the aglycone suggests a misassignment of the structure of the natural product.     

Isomeric Effects on Structures and Properties of Polyaminophenols Synthesized in Basic Medium

The oxidative chemical polymerizations of three isomers of aminophenol, ortho, meta, and para (PoAP, PmAP, PpAP) were performed in aqueous NaOH using ammonium persulfate (APS) as oxidant. Solubility tests for the synthesized polymers were performed in various solvents and it was found that all three polymers are soluble in DMSO and DMF. PpAP is soluble in aqueous strong acid, as well as in base, but PoAP is soluble in acid, whereas PmAP is soluble in base. The difference in their solubility is due to their structural difference, which can be supported by the proposed mechanisms of polymerizations. The film casting from the DMF or DMSO solution of PoAP and PpAP is difficult due to the presence of quinone impurity while casting of PmAP film from DMSO solution is possible. The intrinsic viscosities of the polymers were determined from the DMSO solution. The polymers were characterized by UV-VIS, FTIR and¹H-NMR spectroscopy and elemental analyses. From structural analysis, it is found that PoAP and PpAP do not contain π -electron conjugation due to ether linkage in the backbone chain. So, PoAP and PpAP do not show any conductivity like sulfuric acid doped PmAP.     

Neutrino Mass Hierarchy Above GUT Scale

Quantum gravity (Planck scale effects) lead to an effective SU(2) _L ×U(1) invariant dimension-5 Lagrangian involving neutrino and Higgs fields. On symmetry breaking, this operator gives rise to correction to the above masses and mixing. The gravitational interaction M _X =M _pl , we find that for degenerate neutrino mass spectrum, it is shown that the Majorana phase of the neutrino mixing matrix can effects in neutrino oscillation probability.     

Synthesis, growth and characterization of novel second harmonic nonlinear chalcone crystal

Nonlinear optical (NLO) materials are useful in many of the industrial applications. New NLO chalcone derivative (2E)-3-[4-(methylsulfanyl)phenyl]-1-(4-nitrophenyl)prop-2-en-1-one (4N4MSP) crystals have been grown by slow evaporation technique at ambient temperature. The grown crystals were subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction study. The crystal has noncentrosymmetric structure in the orthorhombic system with space group Aba2 and unit cell parameters a=14.0647(15) Å, b=33.738(4) Å and c=6.0039(6) Å. To confirm the presence of various functional groups in the compound, FT-IR spectrum was recorded. The crystal was subjected to TGA/DTA analysis to find its thermal stability. The grown crystals were characterized for their optical transmission and mechanical hardness. The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the crystal is obtained by classical powdered technique using Nd:YAG laser and its value is 28.57 times that of urea. The laser damage threshold for 4N4MSP crystal was determined using Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. The refractive index values for green and red wavelengths were measured by Brewster angle technique. The dielectric and electrical measurements were carried out to study the different polarization mechanism and conductivity of the crystal. Good thermal, mechanical, transmission and SHG response make it desirable for the NLO applications.