Simple Analytical Model Predicting Some Features of the Electrolytic Steel-Pickling Process

Electrolytic pickling of steel with neutral solutions, to remove the surface scale, reduces the need for the use of strong acids as needed in conventional pickling. This study is a step towards a more in-depth understanding of the factors affecting the former process. A theoretical model, sufficiently simplified to allow analytical solution, is developed and evaluated to provide a first approximation of the potential and current distributions in the electrolyte and steel band. To gain knowledge and validate the model, a small electrolytic pickling cell is constructed, and experiments, including bubble generation and motion observation, are conducted. The experimental work has shown the remarkable bubble production and adherence to the surfaces, and its effects on reducing pickling efficiency and uniformity. The pickling efficiency is about 30%, confirming other researchers" results. The analytical model shows trends very similar to those observed in the experiments, and provides very valuable guidance. It shows, for example, that the current efficiency decreases as the electrode–band distance increases, and it increases with the band thickness and the band-to-electrolyte conductivity ratio. The energy efficiency decreases by orders of magnitude faster than the current efficiency with all of the above-mentioned parameters, because of the correspondingly strong drop in the band–surface potential. A large amount of current is lost due to interelectrode short circuiting.     

Kinetic Model of the Decomposition of Sodium Hydroxymethanesulfinate in Aqueous Solution

A kinetic model of the decomposition of sodium hydroxymethanesulfinate (rongalite) in aqueous solution at an initial value of pH 7.9 was considered. This multistep reaction was found to include oxidation decomposition in a solution surface layer and bulk reactions both with and without the participation of oxygen. To evaluate the parameters of this model, it was modified over three time intervals. The adequacy of this model to experimental data supported the hypothesis on the catalytic effect of active sulfur in the decomposition of rongalite.     

Adsorptionsmodifizierung der oberfläche von mineralischen polymerfüllstoffen als die methode deren aktivierung

The process of modifying the surface of particles of dispersed polymer fillers, using tensides, has been studied. The main principles were established with regard to the effect of modification of titanium dioxide and kaolin on the structure formation in solutions and block formations of chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) resin and rubber, depending on the nature and concentration of the modifier. The decisive part played by chemisorption of the tenside in lyophilization (water-repellency treatment) of the surface of the filler and its activation, as a structure former, has been elucidated.     

Composition of lipids of the grain of opaque-2 maize

It has been established that the change in the composition of the total lipids and the fall in the fatty acid content depend on the initial maize genotype. A decrease in the amount of unsaponifiable substances in the grain of mutants is accompanied by qualitative changes in the composition regardless of the nature of the genotype.Scientific-Research Institute of Biology Dnepropetrovsk State university. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii. No. 3. pp. 360–363. May–June, 1988.     

Inter-ring rotational potential of biphenyl and its effect on poly(p-phenylene)

Detailed ab initio studies have been done on the inter-ring torsional states of the biphenyl molecule using self-consistent field molecular orbital method. The potential goes through a minimum at an angle of 38°. The height of the potential barrier for the coplanar state is 2.01 kcal/mol. When the phenyl rings are perpendicular to each other, this height increases to 2.37 kcal/mol. The role of correlation and polarization is found to be important. The shape of the potential suggests that polyparaphenylene may possibly exist as a super helix.     

Cyclization of n-alkylazinium cations with bisnucleophiles. 4. Regio- and stereospecificity of the reactions of β-diketones with quinoxalinium salts and their aza and benzo analogs

The reactions of substituted quinoxalinium, benzo[g]- and benzo[f]quinoxalinium, and pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazinium salts with anions of -dicarbonyl compounds give furo[2,3-b]-annelated systems with strictly determined regio- and stereoorientations.See [1] for Communication 3.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 11, pp. 1543–1548, November, 1981.     

Mesoionic 1-amino-1,3,4-triazole-2-thiones and their azomethine derivatives

The reaction of triethylammonium salts of -acyldithiocarbazic acids with sodium chloroacetate and hydrazine leads to the formation of mesoionic 1-amino-1,3,4-triazole-2-thiones, which react with aldehydes to give the corresponding azomethine derivatives.Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 424–428, March, 1976.     

Steric structure of phosphorus-contaiming heterocycles

Conclusions The steric structure of 3-halo-1-thia-3-phosphethanes with a tetracoordinated phosphorus atom was investigated by the methods of dipole moments and Kerr constants, enlisting data on quantum chemical calculations of the energies of the conformations.Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 10, pp. 2240–2244, October, 1973.The authors would like to thank I. M. Shermergorn for providing the samples for the investigations.     

Friedel-crafts copolymerization of thiophene and p-di(chloromethyl)benzene. II. Products of the later stages of the reaction

Products of the copolymerization of thiophene and p-di(coloromethyl)benzene in presence of stannic chloride have been separated by using gel-permeation chromatography (GPC) and identified by using principally mass, infrared, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The GPC separation is not nearly as efficient as the separation of the products of the corresponding benzene–DCMB and diphenylmethane–DCMB reactions which have previously been described. A further complication which makes a kinetic analysis of this reaction more difficult is the occurrence of intramolecular condensation of certain of the earlier products leading to cyclic structures incorporating four aromatic rings. These investigations have made it possible to deduce some of the principal structural differences between the thiophene–DCMB and benzene–DCMB polymers which may have some bearing on the differences which have been found in their thermal stabilities.