Host–Guest Complexation of Perethylated Pillar[5]arene with Alkanes in the Crystal State

Activated perethylated pillar[5]arene crystals show an unexpected alkane‐shape‐ and ‐length‐selective gate‐opening behavior. Activated crystals were obtained upon removing solvents from perethylated pillar[5]arene crystals by heating. The activated crystals could quantitatively take up n‐alkanes with carbon chains containing more than five carbon atoms as a consequence of their gate‐opening pressure. As the chain length of the n‐alkanes increased, the gate pressure decreased. A transformation into a herringbone structure was induced when n‐hexane was used as a guest. By contrast, cyclic and branched alkanes were not taken up and could not induce a crystal transformation because they were too large to fit in the cavities of the pillar[5]arene. Alkane‐shape‐selective molecular recognition of pillar[5]arenes in the solution state was translated into the vapor/crystal state.     

High-speed monitoring of the crystallinity change in poly(lactic acid) during photodegradation by using a newly developed wide area NIR imaging system (Compovision)

We aimed to achieve wide area rapid monitoring of the crystallinity change in poly(lactic acid) (PLA) during photodegradation caused by ultraviolet (UV) light by using a newly developed near-infrared (NIR) camera (Compovison). Several kinds of PLA samples with different crystallinities and their blends with poly[(3)-(R)-hydroxybutyrate] were prepared. Their two-dimensional NIR spectra in the 1,000–2,350-nm region were measured by Compovision at a 5-min interval during photolysis. An intensity decrease of the band in the 1,900-1,925-nm region due to the second overtone of the C = O stretching vibration of PLA was observed during photolysis. This suggests that an anhydride carbonyl is produced during photolysis. The NIR image of the crystallinity change monitored by the band at 1,917 nm in the standard normal variate spectra clearly shows the inhomogeneity of crystal evolution. A logarithmic increase was observed for all identified areas in the PLA film; however, the time to reach the maximum crystallinity was slightly different according to the initial crystallinity of the sample. It is likely that the initial crystallinity of the sample influences the degradation speed more than the degradation amount. These imaging results have provided fundamental chemical insights into the photolytic process for PLA, and at the same time they have demonstrated that the two-dimensional spectral data obtained by Compovision are useful for process monitoring of polymers.     

Effect of preparation process of microfibrillated cellulose-reinforced polypropylene upon dispersion and mechanical properties

Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC)-reinforced polypropylene (PP) was prepared via two engineering approaches: disintegration of the pulp by a bead mill followed by a melt-compounding process with PP (B-MFC-reinforced PP); and disintegration of the pulp mixed with PP by a twin screw extruder followed by a melt-compounding process (T-MFC-reinforced PP). The effects that the engineering process and the microfibrillation of the pulp had upon the dispersion and mechanical properties were investigated through tensile tests, rheological analysis and X-ray computed tomography. The bead-milling method enabled a uniform microfibrillation of the pulp to under 100 nm, which corresponded to a surface area of 133–146 m²/g for the pulp, found by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis. The T-MFC-reinforced PP with 30 wt% MFC content exhibited a tensile modulus of 5.3 GPa and a strength of 85 MPa, whereas the B-MFC-reinforced PP composites with the same content of MFC exhibited values of 4.1 GPa and 59.6 MPa, respectively. Rheological analysis revealed that the complex viscosity and storage modulus at 170 °C of T-MFC-reinforced PP with 30 wt% MFC content are 5–7 and 5–8 times higher than that of B-MFC-reinforced PP, respectively. This indicated that T-MFC was more dispersed in the PP than B-MFC. Therefore, T-MFC produced a more rigid interconnected network in the matrix during the melting state than B-MFC.     

Synthesis, structure and α-olefin polymerization activity of group 4 metal complexes with [OSSO]-type bis(phenolate) ligands

The tetradentate [OSSO]-type bis(phenol) ligands, [{2,2′-(HOC₆H₂-4,6-R₂)₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂SCH₂}] (R = ^tBu, 2; Br, 3) react with MBz₄ (M = Zr, Hf) to yield the corresponding dibenzyl complexes, [M{2,2′-(OC₆H₂-4,6-R₂)₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂SCH₂}Bz₂] (R = Br, M = Zr, 4^Br; Hf, 5^Br; R = ^tBu, M = Hf, 5) in a good to very good yield. Zirconium diamido complexes, [Zr{2,2′-(OC₆H₂-4,6-R₂)₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂SCH₂}(NMe₂)₂] (R = ^tBu, 6; Br, 6^Br) were prepared in a reaction of the corresponding disodium salt of 2 or 3 generated in situ with ZrCl₂(NMe₂)₂(THF)₂. Heating of 6 with TMSCl at 35 °C afforded zirconium dichloro complex, [Zr{2,2′-(OC₆H₂-4,6-^tBu₂)₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂SCH₂}Cl₂] (7), whereas the titanium analog 8 was prepared in a direct reaction with TiCl₄. While for complexes 4^Br, 5, 5^Br, 6, 6^Br and 7 single C₂-symmetric isomers were observed in solution at room temperature, as revealed by the NMR spectroscopic data, titanium complex 8 formed as a mixture of cis-α (8a) and cis-β (8b) isomers in a ratio of approx. 20:80% (measured in CD₂Cl₂). The VT NMR studies revealed a reversible conversion of 8a into 8b above 60 °C. The X-ray crystal structure determination of complexes 4^Br, 5^Br and 7 confirmed their C₂-symmetrical configuration in the solid state with cis-arranged benzyl/chloro groups and the trans-coordination of two bulky phenolato moieties. The zirconium dibenzyl complexes exhibit good catalytic activities in homopolymerization of 1-hexene (atactic poly(1-hexene), PDI = 1.5-1.7) and vinylcyclohexane (isotactic poly(vinylcyclohexane), PDI = 1.2-1.8) upon activation with a co-catalyst. In both polymerizations no increase of activity was observed for the complex 4^Br with electron-withdrawing substituents on phenolate rings. Moreover, polymerization of liquid propylene catalyzed by the titanium dichloro isomeric mixture 8 afforded at 5 °C ultrahigh molecular weight atactic/isotactic polypropylene mixtures.     

Direct detection of nanoparticles and components in smoke by time-of-flight mass spectrometry with soft plasma ionization

A new system combining a soft plasma ionization (SPI) source with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOFMS) has been successfully developed and applied to direct and on-line analysis of nanoparticles in smoke generated during combustion of mosquito coils with no sample preparation. The mass spectra of nanoparticles in smoke were examined in conjunction with the effects of species, pressure and current of the SPI discharge on fragmentation. The results indicated that a maximum mass of m/z 1576 was detectable when the following optima SPI conditions were satisfied: a He gas pressure of 1000 Pa with an air pressure of 1600 Pa and a discharge current of 110 mA. Furthermore, considering the results for emission spectra we suppose an ionization mechanism of SPI in which excitation and ionization of nitrogen molecule is promoted by the presence of He gas, leading to promote the smoke sample ionization. The mass spectrum of nanoparticles showed specific patterns of a peak interval of 74 which were assigned to triacetylene (1,3,5-hexatriyne). The most abundant peak in the mass spectrum, at m/z 452, was assigned to triacontanoic acid.     

Time-resolved fluorescence study on the photomerocyanine form of spiropyran and its derivative with azobenzene

The excited state dynamics of the photomerocyanine (PMC) form originating from spirobenzopyran and the bi-functional photochromic compound spirobenzopyran–azobenzene (SpAz), containing typical photochromic molecules of spirobenzopyran (Sp) and azobenzene (Az), were investigated using picosecond time-resolved fluorescence measurements in solution at 200 and 285 K and in a PMMA polymer film at 298 K. While the fluorescence lifetimes of PMC were about twice as long as those of SpAz under all experimental conditions, both lifetimes showed similar strong dependence on viscosity rather than temperature. These results suggest that non-radiative decay to an intermediate state could be accompanied by a significant conformational change. The effect of the Az moiety in this relaxation process is also discussed. It is unlikely that an energy transfer from the PMC moiety to the Az moiety occurs. It was concluded that the PMC moiety in the bi-functional SpAz is independent from the Az moiety.     

Rapid determination of fumagillin residues in honey by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry using the QuEChERS method

A new, rapid, and efficient method for determining the fumagillin residues in honey was developed. The samples extracted were analyzed using LC/MS/MS. Chromatographic separation of fumagillin was performed in gradient mode on a C8 column (100 x 2.0 mm, 5 microm) at 40 degrees C. The mobile phase consisted of a mixture of 2 mM ammonium formate-0.01% formic acid solution and methanol; the flow rate was set to 0.2 mL/min. Under these conditions, it was possible to measure fumagillin and its isomers as a single peak. The sample preparation procedure used is based on the QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method, which is fast (approximately 30 min) and uses less organic solvent. The fumagillin was extracted with acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid, then purified using a solid-phase extraction method with an Oasis mixed-mode weak anion-exchange cartridge. The overall recovery of fumagillin ranged from 88.1 to 99.4%; the intra- and interassay CVs were <4.5% and <4.9%, respectively. The LOQ was 0.1 microg/kg. LC/MS/MS coupled with the QuEChERS method showed strong potential as a method for determining fumagillin residues in honey.     

"Click-made" biaryl-linker improving efficiency in protein labelling for the membrane target protein of a bioactive compound

We report on the design, synthesis and assessment of a novel biaryl-linked (BArL) molecular probe for the exploration of low-abundant target proteins for bioactive compounds based on the activity based protein profiling (ABPP) approach. Surprisingly, the performance of the BArL probe was better than that of the stepwise tagging approach that is considered to be the most effective method used in ABPP study.     

Anti-allergic effect of the flavonoid myricitrin from Myrica rubra leaf extracts in vitro and in vivo

Flavonoids are ingested by the general population as anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, we investigated the effects of myricitrin, a flavonoid rich in Myrica rubra leaf, upon anti-inflammatory action. Myrica rubra leaf extracts inhibited pro-inflammatory TNFα production in a macrophage cell line, Raw264.7 cells. We observed that the serum IgE levels in the leaf extract-treated DO11.10, a mouse allergy model, were down-regulated. HPLC was performed to demonstrate that M. rubra leaf extracts contain a large amount of myricitrin. We observed an inhibitory effect of HPLC-purified myricitrin on TNFα production in Raw264.7 cells. Thus, myricitrin may be of potential interest in the management of inflammatory conditions.     

High-throughput and simultaneous analysis of eight central-acting muscle relaxants in human plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry in the positive and negative ionization modes

In this report, a high-throughput and sensitive method for analysis of eight central-acting muscle relaxants in human plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) in the positive and negative ionization modes using tolbutamide as internal standard is presented. After pretreatment of a plasma sample by solid-phase extraction with an Oasis HLB cartridge, muscle relaxants were analyzed by UPLC with Acquity UPLC BEH C₁₈ column and Acquity TQD tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization interface. The calibration curves for muscle relaxants spiked into human plasma equally showed good linearities in the nanogram per milliliter order range. The detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) was as low as 0.1–2 ng/mL. The method gave satisfactory recovery rates, accuracy, and precision for quality control samples spiked with muscle relaxants. To further validate the present method, 250 mg of chlorphenesin carbamate was orally administered to a healthy male volunteer, and the concentrations of chlorphenesin carbamate in plasma were measured 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after dosing; their concentrations in human plasma were between 0.62 and 2.44 μg/mL. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing simultaneous analysis of over more than two central-acting muscle relaxants by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. This has been realized by the capability of our instrument for simultaneous multiple reaction monitoring of the target compounds in both positive and negative ionization modes. Therefore, the present method seems very useful in forensic and clinical toxicology and pharmacokinetic studies.