Mathematical model on the transmission of worms in wireless sensor network

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have received extensive attention due to their great potential in civil and military applications. The sensor nodes have limited power and radio communication capabilities. As sensor nodes are resource constrained, they generally have weak defense capabilities and are attractive targets for software attacks. Cyber attack by worm presents one of the most dangerous threats to the security and integrity of the computer and WSN. In this paper, we study the attacking behavior of possible worms in WSN. Using compartmental epidemic model, we propose susceptible – exposed – infectious – recovered – susceptible with a vaccination compartment (SEIRS-V) to describe the dynamics of worm propagation with respect to time in WSN. The proposed model captures both the spatial and temporal dynamics of worms spread process. Reproduction number, equilibria, and their stability are also found. If reproduction number is less than one, the infected fraction of the sensor nodes disappears and if the reproduction number is greater than one, the infected fraction persists and the feasible region is asymptotically stable region for the endemic equilibrium state. Numerical methods are employed to solve and simulate the systems of equations developed and also to validate our model. A critical analysis of vaccination class with respect to susceptible class and infectious class has been made for a positive impact of increasing security measures on worm propagation in WSN.     

Electrical and electrochemical studies on magnesium ion-based polymer gel electrolytes

The development of polymer gel electrolyte system with high ionic conductivity is the main objective of polymer research. Electrochemical devices based on lithium ion-conducting polymer electrolyte are not safe due to the explosive nature of lithium. An attempt has been made to synthesize magnesium ion-conducting polymeric gel electrolytes, poly (vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene)–propylene carbonate–magnesium perchlorate, PVdF(HFP)-PC–Mg(ClO₄)₂ using standard solution-cast techniques. The maximum room temperature ionic conductivity of the synthesized electrolyte system has been observed to be 5.0 × 10⁻³ S cm⁻¹, which is quite acceptable from a device fabrication point of view. The temperature-dependent conductivity and the dielectric behavior were also analyzed. The pattern of the temperature-dependent conductivity shows the Arrhenius behavior. The dielectric constant ε _r and dielectric loss ε _i increases with temperature in the low-frequency region but almost negligible in the high-frequency region. This behavior can be explained on the basis of electrode polarization effects. The real part M _r and imaginary part M _i versus frequency indicate that the systems are predominantly ionic conductors. Further, the synthesized electrolyte materials have been checked for its suitability in energy storage devices namely redox supercapacitor with conducting polymer polypyrrole as electrode materials, and finally, it was observed that it shows good capacitive behavior in low-frequency region. Preliminary studies show that the overall capacitance of 22 mF cm⁻² which is equivalent to a single electrode specific capacitance of 117 F gm⁻¹ was observed for the above said supercapacitors.     

Comparison of rhodamine B degradation under UV irradiation by two phases of titania nano-photocatalyst

Titania (TiO₂) nano-photocatalysts, with different phases, prepared using a modified sol?Cgel process were employed in the degradation of rhodamine at 10?mg?L^?1 concentration. The degradation efficiency of these nano-photocatalysts was compared to that of commercial Degussa P25 titania. It was found that the nanocatalysts calcined at 450?°C and the Degussa P25 titania had similar photoreactivity profiles. The commercial Degussa P25 nanocatalysts had an overall high apparent rate constant of (K _app) of 0.023?min^?1. The other nanocatalyst had the following rate constants: 0.017, 0.0089, 0.003 and 0.0024?min^?1 for 450, 500, 550 and 600?°C calcined catalysts, respectively. This could be attributed to the phase of the titania as the anatase phase is highly photoactive than the other phases. Furthermore, characterisation by differential scanning calorimetry showed the transformation of titania from amorphous to anatase and finally to rutile phase. SEM and TEM characterisations were used to study the surface morphology and internal structure of the nanoparticles. BET results show that as the temperature of calcinations was raised, the surface area reduced marginally. X-ray diffraction was used to confirm the different phases of titania. This study has led to a conclusion that the anatase phase of the titania is the most photoactive nanocatalyst. It also had the highest apparent rate constant of 0.017?min^?1, which is similar to that of the commercial titania.     

Small molecule organic semiconductors on the move: promises for future solar energy technology

This article is written from an organic chemist's point of view and provides an up-to-date review about organic solar cells based on small molecules or oligomers as absorbers and in detail deals with devices that incorporate planar-heterojunctions (PHJ) and bulk heterojunctions (BHJ) between a donor (p-type semiconductor) and an acceptor (n-type semiconductor) material. The article pays particular attention to the design and development of molecular materials and their performance in corresponding devices. In recent years, a substantial amount of both, academic and industrial research, has been directed towards organic solar cells, in an effort to develop new materials and to improve their tunability, processability, power conversion efficiency, and stability. On the eve of commercialization of organic solar cells, this review provides an overview over efficiencies attained with small molecules/oligomers in OSCs and reflects materials and device concepts developed over the last decade. Approaches to enhancing the efficiency of organic solar cells are analyzed.     

Beta-phenyl quenching of triplet excited ketones: how critical is the geometry for deactivation?

The phenomenon of beta-phenyl quenching has been examined by laser-flash photolysis in a series of alpha- and/or beta-substituted ketones 4-8 with similar excited-state characteristics. It is found that alpha-substitution markedly increases the triplet lifetimes in contrast to beta-substitution. The force field calculations for the various staggered conformers of ketones 4-6 and 8-syn show that the lowest-energy conformation in all these ketones has the carbonyl group and the beta-phenyl ring gauche to each other. Despite this geometrical requirement, the longer lifetimes observed are interpreted as being due to the influence of the alpha-substituent on the rotational freedom of the planar benzoyl moiety as a whole. The experimental results are suggestive of the attainment of what appears to be a critical geometry for quenching. This scenario may be likened to Norrish type II reactions, where the alpha-substituent has long been known to suppress the elimination pathway and promote Yang cyclization. In addition, we have shown that the diastereomers of alpha,beta-disubstituted ketones exhibit distinct lifetimes.     

Synchronous fluorescence and excitation emission characteristics of transformer oil ageing

This paper describes the evaluation of synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) and excitation emission matrix fluorescence (EEMF) spectroscopy as means of monitoring transformer oil degradation. When accelerated thermal ageing method is used, the onset of degradation of transformer oil on 17th day and transformer oil with polypropylene and cellulosic paper on 23rd and 27th days is sensitively reflected in the SFS and EEMF fluorescence spectral characteristics.     

Regioselective aminoethylation of 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one under conventional heating and microwave irradiation

The regioselective aminoethylation of 1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one 1 can be carried out using classical heating or microwave irradiation as the source of energy to furnish either N-1 or N-4 aminoethylated products 2a-d and 3a-d, respectively. The regioselectivity observed has been rationalized using computational studies and has been traced to the disparity of the rate-determining steps along the N-1 product (N-1 PR) and N-4 product (N-4 PR) formation pathways.     

Oxidation of alcohol by lipopathic Cr(VI): a mechanistic study

The oxidation kinetics of various aliphatic primary and secondary alcohols having varied hydrocarbon chain length were studied using cetyltrimethylammonium dichromate (CTADC) in dichloromethane (DCM) in the presence of acetic acid and in the presence of a cationic surfactant. The rate of the reaction is highly sensitive to the change in [CTADC], [alcohol], [acid], [surfactant], polarity of the solvents, and reaction temperature. A Michaelis-Menten type kinetics was observed with respect to substrate. The chemical nature of the intermediate and the reaction mechanism were proposed on the basis of (i) observed rate constant dependencies on the reactants, that is, fractional order with respect to alcohol and acid and a negative order with respect to oxidant, (ii) high negative entropy change, (iii) inverse solvent kinetic isotope effect, k(H2O)/k(D2O) = 0.76, (iv) low primary kinetic isotope effect, kH/kD = 2.81, and (v) the k(obs) dependencies on solvent polarity parameters. The observed experimental data suggested the self-aggregation of CTADC giving rise to a reverse micellar system akin to an enzymatic environment, and the proposed mechanism involves the following: (i) formation of a complex between alcohol and the protonated dichromate in a rapid equilibrium, equilibrium constant K = 5.13 (+/-0.07) dm(3) mol(-1), and (ii) rate determining decomposition (k(2) = (7.6 +/- 0.7) x 10(-3) s(-1)) of the ester intermediate to the corresponding carbonyl compound. The effect of [surfactant] on the rate constant and the correlation of solvent parameters with the rate constants support the contribution of hydrophobic environment to the reaction mechanism.     

Spray dried excipient base: a novel technique for the formulation of orally disintegrating tablets

Orally disintegrating tablets (ODT) are gaining popularity over conventional tablets due to their convenience in administration and suitability for patients having dysphagia. Moreover no water is required for swallowing the tablets and hence suitable for geriatric, pediatric and traveling patients. The purpose of this study is to assess the suitability of spray dried excipient base in the formulation of ODTs of Valdecoxib (low aqueous solubility) and Metoclopramide (high aqueous solubility). Spray dried excipient base was prepared using Scientech spray drier. Super disintegrants (such as Ac-Di-Sol, Kollidon CL, sodium starch glycolate), diluent (mannitol) alongwith sweetening agent (aspartame) were used in the formulation of tablets. The tablets were evaluated for hardness, friability, water absorption ratio, disintegration time (DT) and in vitro drug release. Using the same excipients, the tablets were prepared by direct compression and were evaluated in the similar way. Maximum drug release and minimum DT were observed with Kollidon CL excipient base as compared to tablets prepared by direct compression, showing the superiority of the spray dried excipient base technique over direct compression technique.     

Oxidation of cholesterol by a biomimetic oxidant, cetyltrimethylammonium dichromate

The oxidation of cholesterol by cetyltrimethylammonium dichromate (CTADC) in dichloromethane (DCM) yielded 7-dehydrocholesterol, while with addition of acetic acid in DCM the product was found to be 5-cholesten-3-one. The kinetics of oxidation of cholesterol by CTADC in DCM, in the presence of acid, was investigated with change in [acid], [cholesterol], [CTADC], [surfactant], temperature, and solvents. The reaction was found to be first order with acetic acid and fractional order with CTADC and cholesterol. Michaelis-Menten-type kinetics was observed with respect to cholesterol. The solvent isotope effect was found to be k(D2O)/k(H2O) = 0.72. The observed experimental data suggest that the reaction occurs in reversed micellar system, akin to an enzymatic environment, and the reaction path involves the intermediate formation of an ester complex, which undergoes decomposition to give the product.