A simple and sensitive method for the determination of hydroxylamine in fresh-water samples using hypochlorite followed by gas chromatography.

A new and simple method for the determination of hydroxylamine in environmental water, such as fresh rivers and lakes using hypochlorite, followed by its gas choromatographic detection, has been developed. A glass vial filled with sample water was sealed by a butyl-rubber stopper and aluminum cap without head-space, and then sodium hypochlorite solution was injected into the vial through a syringe to convert hydroxylamine to nitrous oxide. The head-space in the glass vial was prepared with 99.9% grade N2 using a gas-tight syringe. After the glass vial was shaken for a few minutes, nitrous oxide in the gas-phase was measured by a gas chromatograph with an electron-capture detector. The dissolved nitrous oxide in the liquid-phase was calculated according to the solubility formula. The proposed method was applied to the analysis of fresh-water samples taken from Iu river and Hii river, flowing into brackish Lakes Nakaumi and Shinji, respectively.     

Utilization of carbohydrates by radiation processing

Upgrading and utilization of carbohydrates such as chitosan, sodium alginate, carrageenan, cellulose, pectin have been investigated for recycling these bio-resources and reducing the environmental pollution. These carbohydrates were easily degraded by irradiation and various kinds of biological activities such as anti-microbial activity, promotion of plant growth, suppression of heavy metal stress, phytoalexins induction, etc. were induced. On the other hand, some carbohydrate derivatives, carboxymethylcellulose and carboxymethylstarch, could be crosslinked under certain radiation condition and produce the biodegradable hydrogel for medical and agricultural use.     

Malyngamide X: The First (7R)‐Lyngbic Acid that Connects to a New Tripeptide Backbone from the Thai Sea Hare Bursatella leachii

Malyngamide X ( 1 ), the first (7R)‐lyngbic acid connected to a new tripeptide backbone, was isolated from the Thai sea hare Bursatella leachii. The gross structure of 1 was established on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data. Combination of the NMR spectroscopic experiments with α‐methoxy‐α‐(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetic acid esters, 2,2,2‐trifluoro‐1‐(9‐anthryl)ethanol chiral solvating agent, and molecular mechanics of 1 and the synthetic molecular fragments allowed us to determine the absolute stereochemistry of all six stereogenic centers without hydrolytic degradation of the compound. Compound 1 displayed moderate cytotoxic, antitubercular, and antimalarial properties.     

Martin Boundaries of Elliptic Skew Products, Semismall Perturbations, and Fundamental Solutions of Parabolic Equations

We consider positive solutions of elliptic partial differential equations on non-compact domains of Riemannian manifolds. We explicitly determine Martin boundaries and Martin kernels for a class of elliptic equations in skew product form by exploiting and developing perturbation theory for elliptic equations and short/long-time estimates for fundamental solutions of parabolic equations.     

Iodine catalyzes C-glycosidation of d-glucal with silylacetylene

A convenient method for C-glycosidation (alkynylation) with various silylacetylenes to d-glucal by iodine molecule via iodo-oxonium intermediates provided exclusively the α-acetylene glycoside products. Eleven successful examples are shown under this condition.     

Copolymers containing a spiro orthoester moiety that undergo no shrinkage during cationic crosslinking

A spiro orthoester with an exomethylene group (exoSOE) was radically copolymerized with acrylonitrile or vinyl acetate at several feed ratios to obtain the corresponding copolymers having spiro orthoester moieties in the side chain. The obtained copolymers could be crosslinked via the double ring‐opening polymerization of the spiro orthoester moieties in their side chain by a treatment with BF₃OEt₂. The volume changes upon the crosslinking of the copolymers were evaluated by density measurements with a micromeritics gas pycnometer. The copolymers experienced less than 1% volume expansion instead of volume shrinkage during typical cationic crosslinking, regardless of the copolymer compositions. Negligible shrinkage was observed during the thermal cationic crosslinking of a film cast from a nitrobenzene solution of the copolymers containing a benzylthiophenium salt as a thermally latent cationic initiator. The constantly low volume changes during the crosslinking of the copolymers from exoSOE probably depended on the almost zero volume change during the cationic polymerizations of spiro orthoester derivatives. This indicates that exoSOE is an effective monomer for crosslinkable polymers without volume changes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3666–3673, 2006     

Synthesis of copolymers containing a spiro orthocarbonate moiety and evaluation of the volume change during their cationic crosslinking

Spiro orthocarbonate (SOC) monomers having either an exomethylene group {3,3‐dimethyl‐9‐methylene‐1,5,7,11‐tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane (ExoSOC)} or an allyl group {9‐allyl‐3,3‐dimethyl‐1,5,7,11‐tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane (AllylSOC)} were radically copolymerized with vinyl monomers at several feed ratios to obtain the corresponding copolymers having SOC moieties in the side chain. The obtained copolymers were crosslinked via the double ring‐opening polymerization of the SOC moieties by a treatment with boron trifluoride etherate. The volume changes during the crosslinking of the copolymers were evaluated by density measurements with a gas pycnometer. As the SOC moiety composition increased, the volume shrinkage during the crosslinking was suppressed, and that finally changed into volume expansion. The volume changes during the crosslinking of the copolymers from AllylSOC were slightly larger than those of the copolymers from ExoSOC. The higher volume expansions in the crosslinking of AllylSOC‐based copolymers were ascribable to the lower steric hindrance around the SOC moieties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 7040–7053, 2006     

Integral representations of nonnegative solutions for parabolic equations and elliptic Martin boundaries

We consider nonnegative solutions of a parabolic equation in a cylinder D×(0,T), where D is a noncompact domain of a Riemannian manifold. Under the assumption [IU] (i.e., the associated heat kernel is intrinsically ultracontractive), we establish an integral representation theorem: any nonnegative solution is represented uniquely by an integral on (D×{0})∪(M_∂D×[0,T)), where M_∂D is the Martin boundary of D for the associated elliptic operator. We apply it in a unified way to several concrete examples to explicitly represent nonnegative solutions. We also show that [IU] implies the condition [SP] (i.e., the constant function 1 is a small perturbation of the elliptic operator on D).