Heterogeneous continuous flow synthetic system using cyclohexane-based multiphase electrolyte solutions

The discovery that supporting electrolytes can be effectively confined in typical organic solvents in a c-Hex-based multiphase electrolyte solution has led to the development of a novel heterogeneous continuous flow synthetic system. PTFE fiber functions as a separation filter that can efficiently isolate the c-Hex phase from multiphase electrolyte solutions. This system has demonstrated both electrochemical solvating and carbon-carbon bond forming reactions. Hydrophobic substrates can be introduced into the reactor as c-Hex solutions, which are then electrochemically transformed into the target hydrophobic products that pass through the PTFE fiber as c-Hex solutions.     

Control of light pulse propagation with only a few cold atoms in a high-finesse microcavity

Propagation of a light pulse through a high-Q optical microcavity containing a few cold atoms (N<10) in its cavity mode is investigated experimentally. With less than ten cold rubidium atoms launched into an optical microcavity, up to 170 ns propagation lead time ("superluminal"), and 440 ns propagation delay time (subluminal) are observed. Comparison of the experimental data with numerical simulations as well as future experiments are discussed.     

The influence of atomic displacements on the electrical resistivity due to vacancies in simple metals

The influence of atomic displacements around a vacancy on the electrical resistivity due to vacancies in simple metals has been calculated by the pseudopotential method. The influence of atomic displacements on the electrical resistivity was very large and the resistivity has a minimum at an appropriate relaxation. Therefore it is very important to take into account the effect of the lattice distortions considering the individual atomic displacements around vacancies in the calculation of the electrical resistivity due to vacancies.     

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of carbanions—VI. Cumyl-, α-methylbenzyl- and benzyl carbanions

The proton magnetic resonance spectra of the three title carbanions have been observed in THF with potassium as a counter ion. The ortho-protons in the α-methylbenzyl carbanion are nonequivalent at room temperature. This shows that the α-carbon in this carbanion is in the near-sp² configuration. The aromatic proton chemical shifts of the benzylpotassium obtained here are at higher shielding than those of benzyllithium reported previously by Sandel and Freedman. This seems to arise from the different ionic nature of the bonds between carbon and metal in the carbanions.     

[a,b]-factorization of a graph

Let a and b be integers such that 0 ? a ? b. Then a graph G is called an [a, b]-graph if a ? d_G(x) ? b for every x ? V(G), and an [a, b]-factor of a graph is defined to be its spanning subgraph F such that a ? d_F(x) ? b for every vertex x, where d_G(x) and d_F(x) denote the degrees of x in G and F, respectively. If the edges of a graph can be decomposed into [a.b]-factors then we say that the graph is [2a, 2a]-factorable. We prove the following two theorems: (i) a graph G is [2a, 2b)-factorable if and only if G is a [2am,2bm]-graph for some integer m, and (ii) every [8m + 2k, 10m + 2k]-graph is [1,2]-factorable.     

Singular Fano compactifications of (I)

In this paper we study the singular Fano compactifications of with small Gorenstein singularities and determine the structure of such a compactification in the case of the Fano index r 2.Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 14J45 , 32J05     

Electromagnetically induced transparency with squeezed vacuum

The squeezed vacuum resonant on the (87)Rb D1 line (probe light) was injected into an optically dense rubidium gas cell with a coherent light (control light). The output probe light maintained its quadrature squeezing within the transparency window caused by the electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). The results reported here are the first realization of EIT in the full quantum regime.     

A novel dinuclear cyclometalated iridium complex bridged with 1,4-bis[pyridine-2-yl]benzene: its structure and photophysical properties

The synthesis, structure, and photophysical properties of a new cyclometalated dinuclear iridium complex, (ppy)2Ir(mu-BPB)Ir(ppy)2 [ppy = 2-phenylpyridine, BPB = 1,4-bis(pyridin-2-yl)benzene], have been investigated.     

Exceeding the classical capacity limit in a quantum optical channel

The amount of information transmissible through a communications channel is determined by the noise characteristics of the channel and by the quantities of available transmission resources. In classical information theory, the amount of transmissible information can be increased twice at most when the transmission resource is doubled for fixed noise characteristics. In quantum information theory, however, the amount of information transmitted can increase even more than twice. We present a proof-of-principle demonstration of this superadditivity of classical capacity of a quantum channel by using the ternary symmetric states of a single photon, and by event selection from a weak coherent light source. We also show how the superadditive coding gain, even in a small code length, can boost the communication performance of the conventional coding technique.     

Uniform convexity of ψ-direct sums of Banach spaces

Let X and Y be Banach spaces and ψ a continuous convex function on the unit interval [0,1] satisfying certain conditions. Let X⊕_ψY be the direct sum of X and Y equipped with the associated norm with ψ. We show that X⊕_ψY is uniformly convex if and only if X,Y are uniformly convex and ψ is strictly convex. As a corollary we obtain that the ?_p,q-direct sum (not p=q=1 nor ∞), is uniformly convex if and only if X,Y are, where ?_p,q is the Lorentz sequence space. These results extend the well-known fact for the ?_p-sum . Some other examples are also presented.