Uncertainty of measurement. Twenty years afterwards

The application of the concept "uncertainty" causes considerable difficulties. In this paper an analysis of the intrinsic contradictions of the concept itself and its relationship with the statements of metrology is given with the aim of establishing possible reasons for these difficulties. As a result of this analysis several examples are presented to demonstrate the conflicts of the concept and its several statements in the general fundamental notions of metrology.     

Ultrafast energy-electron transfer cascade in a multichromophoric light-harvesting molecular square

A molecular square with dimensions of about 4 nm, incorporating sixteen pyrene chromophores attached to four ditopic bay-functionalized perylene bisimide chromophores, has been synthesized by coordination to four Pt(II) phosphine corner units and fully characterized via NMR spectroscopy and ESI-FTICR mass spectrometry. Steady-state and time-resolved emission as well as femtosecond transient absorption studies reveal the presence of a highly efficient (>90%) and fast photoinduced energy transfer (k(en) approximately equal to 5.0 x 10(9) s(-1)) from the pyrene to the perylene bisimide chromophores and a very fast and efficient electron transfer (>94%, k(et) approximately equal to 5 x 10(11) up to 43 x 10(11) s(-1)). Spectrotemporal parametrization indicates upper excited-state electron-transfer processes, various energy and electron-transfer pathways, and chromophoric heterogeneity. Temperature-dependent time-resolved emission spectroscopy has shown that the acceptor emission lifetime increases with decreasing temperature from which an electron-transfer barrier is obtained. The extremely fast electron-transfer processes (substantially faster and more efficient than in the free ligand) that are normally only observed in solid materials, together with the closely packed structure of 20 chromophoric units, indicate that we can consider the molecular square as a monodisperse nanoaggregate: a molecularly defined ensemble of chromophores that partly behaves like a solid material.     

Synthesis of thiadiazabicyclane and bis-1,3,5-dithiazinane by cyclothiomethylation of aliphatic diamines with CH2O and H2S

Cyclocondensation of aliphatic diamines with CH₂O and H₂S (1:3:2 ratio, 0 °C) was carried out to give thiadiazabicyclanes and dithiadiazabicyclanes (1:6:4 ratio), which were previously difficult to synthesize. Symmetric α,ω-bis-1,3,5-dithiazinanes were synthesized at 80 °C by this reaction. The stereochemistry of thiadiazabicyclanes was assigned by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy and by theoretical DFT calculations, and of bis-dithiazinanes by X-ray diffraction study in the solid state.     

A novel heteropolycyclic system from n-methylquinoxalinium iodide and nitroethane

Reaction of N-methylquinoxalinium iodide with nitroethane results in either the 1:2 diadduct at C-2 and C-3 or the formation of substituted 1,3,6,10-tetraazatetracyclo[7.3.1.0.^2,70^6,13] tridecane derivative.     

Synthesis of macrocycles incorporating azo‐bis(azofurazan) framework

A series of macrocycles containing four furazan rings bonded by three azo bonds 2, 5 and 7 have been synthesized from the common precursor, 3‐amino‐3′‐nitro(azofurazan) 3 . The macrocycles closure is a result of N?N bond formation at oxidative cyclization of corresponding bis(3‐aminofurazan‐4‐yl) precursors. X‐Ray crystal structures of macrocycles 2, 2 ?AcOH, 11 and 13 are reported.     

Fine structure of the (S(1)<--S(0)) band origins of phthalocyanine molecules in helium droplets

The laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) excitation spectra of free base phthalocyanine (Pc), Mg-Pc, and Zn-Pc molecules in superfluid helium droplets at T=0.38 K have been studied. The spectra reveal the rich vibronic structure of the S(1)<--S(0) electronic transitions. The band origins of the transitions consist of zero phonon lines accompanied by phonon wings, which originate from simultaneous electronic excitation of the molecule and excitation of the collective modes of the helium surrounding it. The phonon wings have discrete structures suggesting localization of some helium atoms in the neighborhood of the molecules. Zero phonon lines of Mg-Pc and Zn-Pc molecules are split into three components, which are separated by 0.2-0.4 cm(-1). Possible mechanism of splitting involves static or dynamic Jahn-Teller interaction of metal-phthalocyanine molecules in the twofold degenerate S(1)((1)E(u)) state with the helium shell.     

Transfer hydrogenation processes to mu(3)-alkylidyne groups on the organotitanium oxide [Ti(3)Cp*O(3)

The photochemical treatment of mu(3)-alkylidyne complexes [[TiCp*(mu-O)](3)(mu(3)-CR)] (R=H (1), Me (2), Cp*=eta(5)-C(5)Me(5)) with the amines (2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3))NH(2), Et(2)NH, and Ph(2)NH and the imine Ph(2)C=NH leads to the partial hydrogenation of the alkylidyne moiety that is supported on the organometallic oxide, [Ti(3)Cp*O(3)], and the formation of new oxoderivatives [[TiCp*(3)(mu-CHR)(R'NR")] (R"=2,6-Me(2)C(6)H(3), R'=H, R=H (3), Me (4); R'=R"=Et, R=H (5), Me (6); R'=R"=Ph, R=H (7), Me (8)) and [[TiCp*(mu-O)](3)(mu-CHR)(N=CPh(2))] (R=H (9), R=Me (10)), respectively. A sequential transfer hydrogenation process occurs when complex 1 is treated with tBuNH(2), which initially gives the mu-methylene [[TiCp*(mu-O)](3)(mu-CH(2))(HNtBu)] (11) complex and finally, the alkyl derivative [[TiCp*(mu-O)](3)(mu-NtBu)Me] (12). Furthermore, irradiation of solutions of the mu(3)-alkylidyne complexes 1 or 2 in the presence of diamines o-C(6)H(4)(NH(2))(2) and H(2)NCH(2)CH(2)NH(2) (en) affords [[TiCp*(mu-O)](3)(mu(3)-eta(2)-NC(6)H(4)NH)] (13) and [[TiCp*(mu-O)](3)(mu(3)-eta(2)-NC(2)H(4)NH)] (14) by either methane or ethane elimination, respectively. In the reaction of 1 with en, an intermediate complex [[TiCp*(mu-O)](3)(mu-CH(2))(NHCH(2)CH(2)NH(2))] (15) is detected by (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Thermal treatment of the complexes 4-10 quantitatively regenerates the starting mu(3)-alkylidyne compounds and the amine R'(2)NH or the imine Ph(2)C=NH; however, heating of solutions of 3 or 4 in [D(6)]benzene or a equimolecular mixture of both at 170 degrees C produces methane, ethane, or both, and the complex [[TiCp*(mu-O)](3)[mu(3)-eta(2)-NC(6)H(3)(Me)CH(2)]] (16). The molecular structure of 8 has been established by single-crystal X-ray analysis.     

NMR determination of enantiomeric composition of 1-substituted 3-amino-1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaboranes using Eu(hfc)3

Experimental conditions for determination of enantiomeric composition of 1-substituted 3-aminocarboranes by ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy using chiral shift reagent Eu(hfc)₃ have been found.     

Trapping H- bound to the nitrogenase FeMo-cofactor active site during H2 evolution: characterization by ENDOR spectroscopy

We here show that the iron-molybdenum (FeMo)-cofactor of the nitrogenase alpha-70(Ile) molybdenum-iron (MoFe) protein variant accumulates a novel S = (1)/(2) state that can be trapped during the reduction of protons to H(2). (1,2)H-ENDOR measurements disclose the presence of two protons/hydrides (H(+/)(-)) whose hyperfine tensors have been determined from two-dimensional field-frequency (1)H ENDOR plots. The two H(+/)(-) have large isotropic hyperfine couplings, A(iso)( )() approximately 23 MHz, which shows they are bound to the cofactor. The favored analysis for these plots indicates that the two H(+/)(-) have the same principal values, which indicates that they are chemically equivalent. The tensors are further related to each other by a permutation of the tensor components, which indicates an underlying symmetry of binding relative to the cofactor. At present, no model for the structure of the iron-molybdenum (FeMo)-cofactor in the S = (1)/(2) state trapped during the reduction of H(+) can be shown unequivocally to satisfy all of the constraints generated by the ENDOR analysis. The data disfavors any model that involves protonation of sulfides, and thus suggests that the intermediate instead contains two chemically equivalent bound hydrides; it appears unlikely that these are terminal monohydrides.     

Magnetic susceptibility of molybdenum trioxide,dioxide and some suboxides

Magnetic susceptibility measurements were done on MoO₃, MoO₂ and some suboxides in between. The mass susceptibilities ×10⁶ for MoO₃, Mo₁₃O₃₈, Mo₉O₂₆, Mo₈O₂₃, Mo₁₇O₄₇, Mo₄O₁₁ and MoO₂ were as follows 0·02, 0·055, 0·11, 0·160, 0·0937, 0·123 and 0·20 respectively. They were all feebly paramagnetic and attempts were made to interpret these data. The effect of temperature on the specific susceptibility was also studied.