Doping‐Induced Absorption Bands in P3HT: Polarons and Bipolarons

In this work, we focus on the formation of different kinds of charge carriers such as polarons and bipolarons upon p‐type doping (oxidation) of the organic semiconductor poly(3‐ hexylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl) (P3HT). We elucidate the cyclic voltammogram during oxidation of this polymer and present spectroscopic changes upon doping in the UV/Vis/near‐IR range as well as in the mid‐IR range. In the low‐oxidation regime, two absorption bands related to sub‐gap transitions appear, one in the UV/Vis range and another one in the mid‐IR range. The UV/Vis absorption gradually decreases upon further doping while the mid‐IR absorption shifts to lower energy. Additionally, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) measurements are performed, showing an increase of the EPR signal up to a certain doping level, which significantly decreases upon further doping. Furthermore, the absorption spectra in the UV/Vis range are analyzed in relation to the morphology (crystalline vs. amorphous) by using theoretical models. Finally, the calculated charge carriers from cyclic voltammogram are linked together with optical transitions as well as with the EPR signals upon p‐type doping. We stress that our results indicate the formation of polarons at low doping levels and the existence of bipolarons at high doping levels. The presented spectroscopic data are an experimental evidence of the formation of bipolarons in P3HT.     

Six mutually orthogonal Latin squares of order 48

A direct construction of six mutually orthogonal Latin squares of order 48 is given. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Combin Designs 5:463–466, 1997     

On Interpolation Spaces with the Gelfand-Phillips Property

In this paper we study interpolation spaces generated by some interpolation functors. We show that under some conditions for Banach couples X and Y the spaces dual to the orbits of elements are Gelfand—Philips spaces. Consequently, the ideal of nuclear operators from X to Y contains a copy of l¹. We give also an interpolation theorem for limited operators.     

Redox equilibria in the Cu2+-Cu+-Cu system in water-dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) mixtures

The redox equilibria in the Cu²⁺-Cu⁺-Cu system have been studied in water-DMSO mixtures using the potentiometric and coulometric techniques. The formal potentials of the Cu²⁺/Cu⁺, Cu²⁺/Cu and Cu⁺/Cu couples as well as the equilibrium constants of the reproportionation reaction Cu²⁺+Cu=2 Cu⁺ were determined. Based on the potentials expressed in the ferrocene electrode scale,Gibbs free energies of transfer of Cu²⁺ and Cu⁺ from water to water-DMSO mixtures were calculated and discussed. A preferential solvation of Cu⁺ byDMSO was found.

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Das Redox-Gleichgewicht am Cu²⁺-Cu⁺-Cu-System in Wasser-Dimethylsulfoxid-Mischungen

Zusammenfassung Das Redox-Gleichgewicht am Cu²⁺-Cu⁺-Cu-System wurde in Wasser-Dimethylsulfoxid-Mischungen mit Hilfe potentiometrischer und coulometrischer Methoden untersucht. Die Formal-Standardpotentiale der Cu²⁺/Cu⁺-, Cu²⁺/Cu-und Cu⁺/Cu-Redoxpaare sowie die Gleichgewichtskonstanten der Reaktion Cu²⁺+Cu=2 Cu⁺ wurden ermittelt. Auf Grund der auf die Ferrocen-Elektrode bezogenen Potentiale wurden die freien Überführungsenthalpien für Cu²⁺- und Cu⁺-Ionen vom Wasser zu Wasser-DMSO-Mischungen berechnet und diskutiert. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf eine bevorzugte Solvatation von Cu⁺-Ionen mitDMSO hin.

     

Interpolation spaces between the Lipschitz class and the space of continuous functions

It is shown that the complex interpolation spaces and do not coincide with or and also that the couple is not a Calderón couple. Similar results are also obtained for the couples and when .

     

Determination of Folic Acid by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry at a Lead Film Electrode

An adsorptive stripping voltammetric procedure for the determination of folic acid at an in situ plated lead film electrode was described. Formation of lead film on a glassy carbon substrate and accumulation of folic acid was performed simultaneously from an acetate buffer solution of pH 5.6 at the potential ?0.88 V. The measurements were carried out from aerated solutions. The calibration graph for an accumulation time of 300 s was linear from 2×10^?9 to 5×10^?8 mol L^?1. The detection limit was 7×10^?10 mol L^?1, the relative standard deviation for 2×10^?8 mol L^?1 of folic acid was 3.9%. The proposed procedure was applied to folic acid determinations in pharmaceutical preparations.     

Fluorimetric microdeterminations in organic solvents by using mercurated fluorescein

Summary To identify and determine amounts above 10^–10 mole of such substances as thiols, dithiocarbamates and thioureas in organic solvents, the use of an alcoholic solution of tetramercurated fluorescein (TMF) with oxine or prominal has been suggested. The determination is based on the displacement of oxine or prominal from their complexes with TMF and recording the change in fluorescence. The fluorescence of TMF complexes relative to the prominal complex as reference has been established for aqueous and organic solvent media. Fluorimetric titration with TMF-oxine and TMF-prominal is illustrated by determination of butanethiol in chloroform and thiomalic acid in hexanol.

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Zusammenfassung Zum Nachweis und zur Bestimmung von Thiolen, Dithiocarbamaten, Thioharnstoffderivaten und ähnlichen Verbindungen in organischen Lösungsmitteln wird die Verwendung einer alkoholischen Lösung von tetramercuriertem Fluoreszein (TMF) mit Oxin bzw. mit Prominal vorgeschlagen. Die Bestimmung beruht auf der durch Dekomplexierung verursachten Fluoreszenzänderung. Die Fluoreszenz von TMF-Komplexen wurde mit der von Prominalkomplexen in Wasser und in organischen Lösungsmitteln verglichen. Als Beispiel für fluorimetrische Titrationen mit TMF—Oxin wurde die Bestimmung von Butanthiol in Chloroform, für die Titration mit TMF—Prominal die Bestimmung von Thioäpfelsäure in Hexanol beschrieben. Der Schnittpunkt zweier Geraden zeigt den Endpunkt an.